Abstract
The present study is conducted to assess the water quality of Sorbhog Beel for determining its usability for different activities. In order to understand the overall surface water quality of the Beel, water samples were collected from four sampling stations (S1, S2, S3 and S4) which are located at equal distances from each other. Sampling of the Beel was carried out for a period of one year from December 2020 to November 2021, covering four seasons of the year. Water samples were analyzed for eleven important physicochemical parameters viz. pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Hardness (TH), calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate and sulphate. Results of the physicochemical analysis were compared with the standard limits prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard’s specification for drinking water, which showed that physicochemical parameters at all the four sampling stations were within the permissible limits except for TDS. Parameters except Nitrate displayed significant positive and negative correlation among each other. Based on the calculated values of the physicochemical parameters, Water Quality Index (WQI) value of the Beel ranged between 63.59 in pre monsoon season to 71.14 in monsoon season, indicating that water samples were of ‘poor’ quality throughout the year in all the four stations, with maximum deterioration at station S1. The water of the Beel, therefore, cannot be utilized for drinking purpose without prior treatment, however, it can be used for other purposes such as irrigation and industry.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11270-024-07335-7/MediaObjects/11270_2024_7335_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11270-024-07335-7/MediaObjects/11270_2024_7335_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11270-024-07335-7/MediaObjects/11270_2024_7335_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11270-024-07335-7/MediaObjects/11270_2024_7335_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11270-024-07335-7/MediaObjects/11270_2024_7335_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11270-024-07335-7/MediaObjects/11270_2024_7335_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11270-024-07335-7/MediaObjects/11270_2024_7335_Fig7_HTML.png)
Data Availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article.
References
Akinbile, C. O., & Omoniyi, O. (2018). Quality assessment and classification of Ogbeseriver using water quality index (WQI) tool. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 4, 1023–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-018-0226-8
Ameen, H. A. (2019). Spring water quality assessment using water quality index in villages of Barwari Bala, Duhok, Kurdistan Region. Iraq. Applied Water Science, 9, 176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1080-z
Ansari, N. A. (2017). Seasonal Variations in Physicochemical Characteristics of Water Samples of Surajpur Wetland, National Capital Region, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 971–987. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.602.110
APHA. (2012). Standard methods for Examination of water and waste water (22nd ed.). American Public Health Association.
Banerjee, S.M. (1976). Water quality and soil condition of fish lakes in states of India in relation to fish production. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 14 (1&2), 115–144. https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJF/article/view/13339
Barrie, A., Agodzo, S. K., Frazer-Williams, R., Awuah, E., & Bessah, E. (2023). A multivariate statistical approach and water quality index for water quality assessment for the Rokel river in Sierra Leone. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16196
Baruah, D., & Baruah, P. P. (2022). Water quality monitoring of Kapla Beel: An ecologically sensitive floodplain wetland of Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00196-y
Baruah, D., & Baruah, P. P. (2023). Physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton heterogeneity in different seasons of Sorbhog Beel, a pivotal floodplain wetland in the Himalayan Foothill. Vegetos, 37, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-023-00573-w
Biswas Roy, M., Kumar, A., & Roy, P. K. (2021). Evaluation of water quality index of a floodplain wetland: A case study of West Bengal, India. In N. Singh, P. K. Gupta, K. K. Sharma, & S. Jasrotia (Eds.), Recent trends in Indian limnology and fishery science (pp. 169–178). Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.
Bora, M., & Goswami, D. C. (2017). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): Case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India. Applied Water Science, 7, 3125–3135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016.0451-y
Bouslah, S., Djemili, L., & Houichi, L. (2017). Water quality index assessment of Koudiat Medouar Reservoir, northeast Algeria using weighted arithmetic index method. Journal of Water and Land Development. https://doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0087
Brown, R. M., Mcclell, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & Tozer, R. G. (1970). A water quality index: Do we dare? Journal of Water & Sewage Works, 117, 339–343.
Brown, R. M., McCleiland, N. J., Deininger, R. A., & O’Connor, M. F. (1972). A water quality index – crossing the psychological barrier. In SH Jenkis (Ed.), Proceeding. International conferance on water pollution research, Jerusalem (vol. 6, pp. 787–797).
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS 10500). (2012). Indian Standard Specification for Drinking Water.
Cicek, A., Kose, E., & Tokatl, C. (2019). Using factor analysis to evaluate sediment quality of a significant mining area in Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28, 2021–2025.
Datta, S., Kushwaha, A., Radhapyari, K., & Gogoi, U. (2018). Weighted arithmetic water quality index method for ground water quality determination in and around Guwahati, Assam, India: A case study. conference paper.
Dixit, A., Siddaiah, N. S., & Joshi, P. (2021). Hydrogeochemical assessment of wetlands of Gurugram, Haryana, India: implications for natural processes and anthropogenic changes. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(3), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12517-020-06423-2/TABLES/5
Doley, N., & Kalita, S. (2017). Relationship between water quality index and biotic indexes: A tool to measure health of wetlands. NeBIO A Journal of Environment and Biodiversity, 8(1), 35–39.
Dutta, S., Gogoi, R. R., Khanikar, L., Bose, R. S., & Sarma, K. P. (2016). Assessment of hydrogeochemistry and water quality index (WQI) in some wetlands of the Brahmaputra valley, Assam, India. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(57), 27614–27626. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1177598
Edoreh, J. A., Inegbenosun, C. U., Elimhingbovo, I. O., & Imoobe, T. O. T. (2019). Spatial and temporal variation in physico-chemical parameters at Ugbevwe Pond, Oghara, Delta State. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 28(2), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v28i2.11
Grasby, S. E., Hutcheon, I., & Krouse, H. R. (1997). Application of the stable isotope composition of SO4 to tracing anomalous TDS in Nose Creek, southern Alberta, Canada. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 12(5), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00014-0
Idoko, M., & Oklo, A. (2012). Seasonal variation in physico-chemical characteristics of rural groundwater of Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2, 574–586. https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5003/article/view/3398
Ikomi, R. B., & Emuh, C. T. (2000). The status of the physicochemical hydrology of Upper Warri River Nigeria. Journal of Science and Environment, 2, 75–86.
Jemi, R. J., & Balasingh, G. S. R. (2011). Studies on physico-chemical characteristics of freshwater temple lakes in Kanyakumari district (South Tamil Nadu). International Journal of Geology Earth and Environmental Science, 1, 59–62.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
Kangabam, R. D., Bhoominathan, S. D., & Kanagaraj, S. (2017). Development of a water quality index (WQI) for the Loktak Lake in India. Applied Water Science, 7, 2907–2918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0579-4
Khangembam, S., & Kshetrimayum, K. (2019). Evaluation of hydrogeochemical controlling factors and water quality index of water resources of the Barak valley of Assam, Northeast India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 8(3), 541–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.02.001
Lkr, A., Singh, M. R., & Puro, N. (2020). Assessment of water quality status of Doyang River, Nagaland, India, using Water Quality Index. Applied Water Science, 10, 46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1133-3
Yaqoob Iqbal Memon, Sundus Saeed Qureshi, Imdad Ali Kandhar, Naeem Ahmed Qureshi, Sumbul Saeed, N.M Mubarak, Shahid Ullah Khan & Tawfik A. Saleh (2021): Statistical analysis and physicochemical characteristics of groundwater quality parameters: a case study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1890064
Mitsch, W. J., & Gosselink, J. G. (2000). The value of wetlands: Importance of scale and landscape setting. Ecological Economics, 35, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00165-8
Naubi, I., Zardari, N. H., Shirazi, S. M., Ibrahim, F., & Baloo, L. (2016). Effectiveness of water quality index for monitoring Malaysian river water quality. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 25(1), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/60109
Nayak, S. K., & Mohanty, C. R. (2018). Influence of physicochemical parameters on surface water quality: a case study of the Brahmani River India, Arabian. Journal of Geosciences, 11, 514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3887-6
Nyantakyi, J. A., Fei-Baffoe, F., & Akoto, O. (2020). Seasonal variations in physicochemical and nutrient water quality of river tano in Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 4(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.11
Okafor, V. N., Omokpariola, D. O., Igbokwe, E. C., Theodore, C. M., & Chukwu, N. G. (2024). Determination and human health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface and ground waters from Ifite Ogwari, Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 104(6), 1381–1403. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2022.2038587
Okafor, V. N., Omokpariola, D. O., & Obumselu, O. F. (2023). Exposure risk to heavy metals through surface and groundwater used for drinking and household activities in Ifite Ogwari. Southeastern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 13, 105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01908-3
Patel, S. G., Singh, D. D., & Harshey, D. K. (1983). Pamitae (Jabalpur) sewage polluted water body, as evidenced by chemical and biological indicators of pollution. Journal of Environmental Biology, 4, 437–449. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00385-x
Roy, R., & Majumder, M. (2019). Assessment of water quality trends in Loktak Lake, Manipur, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(13), 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8383-0
Roy, R., & Majumder, M. (2022). Assessment of water quality trends in Deepor Beel, Assam, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02033-4
Sanyal, S., & Paul, D. K. (2019). Monthly variation and interrelationship of physicochemical characteristics of a perennial pond at a biological park in Patna, Bihar, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(2), 492–502. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2103
Şener, S., Şener, E., & Davraz, A. (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Science of the Total Environment, 584–585, 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102
Shah, K. A., & Joshi, G. S. (2017). Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat, India. Applied Water Science, 7, 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7
Sharma, D., & Kansal, A. (2011). Water quality analysis of River Yamuna using water quality index in the national capital territory, India (2000–2009). Applied Water Science, 1, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-011-0011-4
Sharma, P., & Bora, P. J. (2020). Water quality assessment using water quality index and principal component analysis: A case study of historically important Lakes of Guwahati City, North-East India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 8(5), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.12691/aees-8-5-4
Sharma, B. K., Khan, S. I., & Sharma, S. (2018). Biodiverse rotifer assemblage (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) of floodplain lakes of the Brahmaputra basin of lower Assam, northeast India: Composition and ecosystem diversity. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 36(2), 362–375.
Singh, G., & Kamal, R. K. (2014). Application of water quality index for assessment of surface water quality status in Goa. Current World Environment, 9(3), 994–1000.
Singh, K., Goswami, A., Kalamdhad, A., & Kumar, B. (2021). Water quality evaluation and apportionment of pollution sources: a case study of the Baralia and Puthimari River (India). Water Practice and Technology, 16(2), 692–706. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.020
Talukdar, A., & Deka, D. C. (2016). Chemical analysis of traditional food additive Dokhora Khar derived from water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes). Current Nutrition & Food Science, 16(3), 368–372. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190206141528
Talukdar, R., & Bhattacharyya, K. G. (2016). Distribution of A Few Heavy Metals in The Water of a Freshwater Wetland in Barpeta District, Assam, India. Paripex - Indian Journal of Research, 5, 4.
Talukdar, J. K., & Rajbongshi, M. K. (2018). Ichthyofaunal Diversity and Conservation Status of Puthimari Beel of Barpeta, Assam, India. International Journal of Applied and Advanced Scientific Research, 3(1), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3163627
Talukdar, A., & Deka, D.C. (2020). Chemical analysis of traditional food additive dokhora khar derived from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Current Nutrition & Food Science, 16(3), 368–372.
Tamuli, P., Bhagabati, S. K., Dutta, R., Zaman, A. S. N., Sarma, J., Choudhury, A., Mudoi, L. P., & Debnath, D. J. (2018). Physicochemical characteristics of 47 no. Morakolong Beel, Morigaon district, Central Brahmaputtra Valley Zone, Assam. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(5), 748–754.
Trivedy, R. K., & Goel, P. K. (1986). Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental Publication.
WHO. (2011). Guideline for drinking water quality standard. World Health Organization.
Wu, H., Yang, W., & Yao, R. (2020). Evaluating surface water quality using water quality index in Beiyun River, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 35449–35458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09682-4
Yisa, J., & Jimoh, T. (2010). Analytical studies on water quality index of River Landzu. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(4), 453–458.
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the Head, Department of Botany, Gauhati University for allowing access to laboratory infrastructures created under DST-FIST, UGC-SAP and MoEF & CC.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Baruah, D., Baruah, P.P. Evaluation of Water Quality Through Water Quality Index at Sorbhog Beel, a Critical Ecotone Along Indo-Bhutan Boundary. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 525 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07335-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07335-7