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Evaluation of Soil Mixing with Carpet Grasses for Polyphenol Reductive Degradation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene Contaminated Soils

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Abstract

The environmental contaminant 1,3-Dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), which contains two nitro groups (-NO2), has a +III nitrogen atom oxidation state, and is susceptible to electron acceptance, and subsequent reductive degradation. In this study, carpet grass was investigated as a potential source of polyphenols for the reductive degradation of 1,3-DNB. A characterization of carpet grass revealed a rapid release of polyphenols from the grass in aqueous solution, and an increase in reduction capacity. The effects of the amount of grass in solution, and effects of the pH of the aqueous phase were examined. It was found that higher grass doses (e.g., 50 g L-1) in solution resulted in complete removal of 1,3-DNB in the aqueous phase after 7 d reaction, regardless of the pH level. Kinetic analysis of 1,3-DNB degradation and its reaction intermediates, 3-nitroaniline (3-NA) and 1,3-phenylenediamine, indicated that the overall observed degradation rates (2.51-3.17 × 10-2 h-1) were similar across different doses of carpet grass, but found that the dose did impact the formation and degradation of 3-NA. Based on the results, a potential soil mixing treatment for 1,3-DNB contaminated soils, consisting of the blending of carpet grasses with soils was proposed. Soil slurry experiments simulating field remediation application suggested that enhanced degradation of 1,3-DNB contaminated soils can be achieved under reaction conditions with an appropriate solution volume and sufficiently high grass doses. This research offers valuable insights into the utilization of carpet grass for potential soil remediation through its incorporation into soils contaminated with 1,3-DNB.

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Data Availability

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information files. Should any raw data files be needed in another format they are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgement

This study was funded by the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan under Project No. 103-2221-E-005-010-MY3. The authors acknowledge John F. Miano, Chief, Site Management Section, Bureau of Waste Site Clean-up, Department of Environmental Protection, Massachusetts, USA for valuable discussion and proofread of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Road, Dacun, Changhua, 515006, Taiwan

    Chi-Wei Wang

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 **ngda Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan

    Chih-Ting Yang & Chenju Liang

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  1. Chi-Wei Wang
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Correspondence to Chenju Liang.

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Highlights

•Carpet grass is a potential source of polyphenols for the reductive degradation of 1,3-DNB.

•Carpet grass greater than 10 g L-1 achieved greatest removals of 1,3-DNB, regardless of pH levels.

•The 1,3-DNB degradation byproducts, 3-NA and 1,3-PDA, are less toxic than 1,3-DNB.

•The kinetics of 1,3-DNB degradation and the formation of associated byproduct were examined.

•Mixing carpet grass with 1,3-DNB contaminated soils can be an effective remediation technology.

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Wang, CW., Yang, CT. & Liang, C. Evaluation of Soil Mixing with Carpet Grasses for Polyphenol Reductive Degradation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene Contaminated Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 499 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07284-1

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