SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Groundwater of Selected Watersheds of Srinagar and Pulwama districts of Kashmir Himalaya

  • Published:
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The global concern is growing about the increasing risk of people being exposed to heavy metals through drinking water. In this backdrop, we carried out an assessment of 464 groundwater samples for heavy metal concentrations of Co, Cr, Fe, Cd, Cu, Al, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Pb through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in the year 2020–2021 in Srinagar and Pulwama districts of Kashmir, India. The study examined the spatial distribution of heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, Co, Al, Ni, and Cr, through contour maps and observed overall low in two different seasons of six different watersheds. There is no significant variation between the means of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Al, Cd, Mn, Ni, Zn and Pb as the value of p is greater than 0.05 which is attributed to different geochemical and hydrochemical setup. Groundwater samples of these watersheds were evaluated by different indices like WQI, EWQI, HMPI, HMEI, HQ, HI, ILCR, CDIoral, and CDIdermal for health risk assessment as well as to determine its suitability for drinking purposes. The water quality index (WQI) indicated that all of the samples (100%) were fit for drinking purposes. The EWQI was quite low, indicating that the water was of high quality for drinking. Health quotient (HQoral) values and the health quotient (HQdermal) values were < 1 signaling no potential non-carcinogenic health risk. Notwithstanding the above, an assessment of the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) revealed that individuals residing in the area may face potential cancer risks in the future through both oral and dermal pathways. This is due to the situation that ingestion of groundwater contaminated with Cd over a lifetime could result in a potential cancer risk of 5 individuals per every 106 people in the long term, which can be a significant cause for concern.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed of the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Adewoyin, O. O., Kayode, O. T., Omeje, O., & Odetunmibi, O. A. (2019). Risk assessment of heavy metal and trace elements contamination in groundwater in some parts of Ogun state. Cogent Engineering, 6(1), 1632555. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1632555

  • Adeyemi, A. A., & Ojekunle, Z. O. (2021). Concentrations and health risk assessment of industrial heavy metals pollution in groundwater in Ogun state Nigeria. Scientific African, 11, e00666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, K. K., Shah, R. A., Achyuthan, H., Singh, D. S., Srivastava, S., & Khan, I. (2018). Neotectonic activity from Karewa sediments, Kashmir Himalaya India. Geotectonics, 52(1), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852118010028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, S., Khurshid, S., Qureshi, F., Hussain, A., & Bhattacharya, A. (2019). Heavy metals and geo-accumulation index development for groundwater of Mathura city, Uttar Pradesh. Desalination and Water Treatment J, 138, 291–300. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akoto, O., Bruce, T. N., & Darko, D. (2008). Heavy metals pollution profiles in streams serving the Owabi reservoir. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(11), 354–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, A., Strezov, V., Davies, P., & Wright, I. (2017). Environmental impact of coal mining and coal seam gas production on surface water quality in the Sydney Basin. Australia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(8), 408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6110-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnhold, E. (2013). Package in the R environment for analysis of variance and complementary analyses. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 50(6), 488–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arslan, Ş., Yücel, Ç., Çallı, S. S., & Çelik, M. (2017). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the groundwater of the northern Develi Closed Basin, Kayseri, Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 99(2), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2119-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR. (2019). Toxicological profile for Lead. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.

  • Awuchi, C. G., Igwe, V. S., & Amagwula, I. O. (2020). Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) for remedying malnutrition and preventable nutritional diseases. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 6(1), 47–81.

  • Ayers, R. S., & Westcot, D. W. (1985). Water quality for agriculture (Vol. 29, p. 174). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

  • Basta, N. T., Gradwohl, R., Snethen, K. L., & Schroder, J. L. (2001). Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30(4), 1222–1230. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3041222x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belkhiri, L., Tiri, A., & Mouni, L. (2018). Assessment of heavy metals contamination in groundwater: A case study of the south of Sétif area, East Algeria. Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75734

  • Bhargava, O. N. (2015). Evolution of the Tethyan and Karewa successions in Kashmir: A synthesis. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 60, 51–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, M. M. (2013). Agricultural land-use pattern in Pulwama district of Kashmir Valley. International Journal of Economics, Business and Finance, 1(5), 80–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, N. A., Bhat, A. A., Singh, B. P., & Guha, D. B. (2021a). Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils of NW Himalayas: With a perspective of spatial distribution, environmental contamination and health risk assessment. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(23), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08767-9

  • Bhat, S. U., Dar, S. A., & Sabha, I. (2021b). Assessment of threats to freshwater spring ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821139-7.00068-4

  • Bhat, S. U., Dar, S. A., & Hamid, A. (2022). A critical appraisal of the status and hydrogeochemical characteristics of freshwatersprings in Kashmir Valley. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 5817. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09906-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhutiani, R., Kulkarni, D. B., Khanna, D. R., & Gautam, A. (2016). Water quality, pollution source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of an industrial area in North India. Exposure and Health, 8(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0178-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Çolak, M. (2012). Heavy metal concentrations in sultana-cultivation soils and sultana raisins from Manisa (Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 67(3), 695–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1511-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CGWB. (2013). Ground water year book 2013-14. 1–33. https://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/ http://cgwb.gov.in/cgwbpnm/public/uploads/documents/1688375514467489824file.pdf

  • CGWB. (2016-17). Ground water year book 2016-17 Jammu & Kashmir. 1–104 http://cgwb.gov.in/cgwbpnm/public/uploads/documents/1688376166195524892file.pdf

  • CGWB. (2017). Ground water year book Jammu & Kashmir. 1–113. http://cgwb.gov.in/Regions/NWHR/Reports/GWYB%202016-17%20Final.pdf

  • Craig, J., Hakhoo, N., Bhat, G. M., Hafiz, M., Khan, M. R., Misra, R., Pandita, S. K., Raina, B. K., Thurow, J., Thusu, B., Ahmed, W., & Khullar, S. (2018). Petroleum systems and hydrocarbon potential of the North-West Himalaya of India and Pakistan. Earth-Science Reviews, 187, 109–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.09.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dar, J. A., & Dubey, R. K. (2015). Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) and liquefaction susceptibility evaluation of Kashmir Valley, India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A, 85(1), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-014-0180-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dar, T., Rai, N., & Bhat, A. (2021). Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 5(4), 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2020.1726562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, A. D., & Franson, M. A. H. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edet, A. E., & Offiong, O. E. (2002). Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring. A study case from Akpabuyo-Odukpani area, Lower Cross River Basin (southeastern Nigeria). GeoJournal, 57(4), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEJO.0000007250.92458.de

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fakhri, Y., Saha, N., Ghanbari, S., Rasouli, M., Miri, A., Avazpour, M., et al. (2018). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of metal (oid) s in tap water from Ilam city Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 118, 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Drug Administration. (2001). Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Report of the Panel on Micronutrients. Report of the Panel on Micronutrients, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.

  • Frankowski, M., Zioła-Frankowska, A., Kurzyca, I., Novotný, K., Vaculovič, T., Kanický, V., Siepak, M., & Siepak, J. (2011). Determination of aluminium in groundwater samples by GF-AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS and modelling of inorganic aluminium complexes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 182(1–4), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1859-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García-Rico, L., Leyva-Perez, J., & Jara-Marini, M. E. (2007). Content and daily intake of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and mercury from dietary supplements in Mexico. Food and chemical toxicology, 45(9), 1599–1605.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.027

  • Hadzi, G. Y., Essumang, D. K., & Adjei, J. K. (2015). Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water from pristine environments and major mining areas in Ghana. Journal of Health and Pollution, 5(9), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-5-9.86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition. (2020). Recommended dietary allowances and estimated average requirements nutrient requirements for indians. A report of the expert group Indian Council of Medical Research national institute of nutrition. https://foodfuturefoundation.org/media/i0ld30zx/recommended-dietary-allowances-rda-for-indians-2020.pdf

  • Jabbari, N., Aminzadeh, F., & de Barros, F. P. J. (2017). Hydraulic fracturing and the environment: Risk assessment for groundwater contamination from well casing failure. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 31(6), 1527–1542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-016-1280-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeelani, G. H., Shah, R. A., & Hussain, A. (2014). Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Kashmir Valley India. Journal of Earth System Science, 123(5), 1031–1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-014-0446-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, M., Kumar, A., Mehra, R., & Kaur, I. (2020). Quantitative assessment of exposure of heavy metals in groundwater and soil on human health in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00294-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalili, F., Mahvi, A. H., Nasseri, S., Yunesian, M., Yaseri, M., & Djahed, B. (2019). Health risk assessment of dermal exposure to heavy metals content of chemical hair dyes. Iranian journal of public health, 48(5), 902.

  • Kumar, A., Sharma, S., Mehra, R., Kanwar, P., Mishra, R., & Kaur, I. (2018). Assessment of radon concentration and heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Udhampur district, Jammu & Kashmir India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(2), 815–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0027-2

  • Landmeyer, J. E., Bradley, P. M., & Bullen, T. D. (2003). Stable lead isotopes reveal a natural source of high lead concentrations to gasoline-contaminated groundwater. Environmental Geology, 45(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0863-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laniyan, T. A., & Adewumi, A. J. (2019). Health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in groundwater around an exposed dumpsite in southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Health and Pollution, 9(24), 191210. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Y., Khan, H., Zakir, S., Ihsanullah, S., Khan, S., Khan, A. A., Wei, L., & Wang, T. (2013). Health risks associated with heavy metals in the drinking water of Swat, northern Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(10), 2003–2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60275-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahey, S., Kumar, R., Sharma, M., Kumar, V., & Bhardwaj, R. (2020). A critical review on toxicity of cobalt and its bioremediation strategies. SN Applied Sciences, 2(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-3020-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majid, M., & Mir, B. A. (2021). Landfill site selection using GIS based multi criteria evaluation technique. A case study of Srinagar city, India. Environmental Challenges, 3, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mani Tripathi, S. M., & Chaurasia, S. (2020). Detection of chromium in surface and groundwater and its bio-absorption using bio-wastes and vermiculite. Engineering Science and Technology, An International Journal, 23(5), 1153–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi, A. A., Zarei, A., Majidi, S., Ghaderpoury, A., Hashempour, Y., Saghi, M. H., Alinejad, A., Yousefi, M., Hosseingholizadeh, N., & Ghaderpoori, M. (2019). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of Khorramabad Iran. MethodsX, 6, 1642–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.07.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan, S. V., Nithila, P., & Reddy, S. J. (1996). Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A, 31(2), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohod, C. V., & Dhote, J. (2013). Review of heavy metals in drinking water and their effect on human health. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(7), 2992–2996.

    Google Scholar 

  • NDRRP 2021Geology of Jammu and Kashmir- accessed from national disaster risk reduction portal on 21-11-2021.

  • Nkpaa, K. W., Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K. C., Wegwu, M. O., & Essien, E. B. (2016). Health risk assessment of hazardous metals for population via consumption of seafood from Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria; a case study of Kaa, B-Dere, and Bodo City. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-5006-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OEHHA. (2019). California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Technical support document for cancer potency factors 2009. Hot Spots Unit Risk and Cancer Potency Values. Updated May 2019, Appendix A.

  • Pandey, G., & Madhuri, S. (2014). Heavy metals causing toxicity in animals and fishes. Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, 2(2), 17–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Peña, J. V., Azañón, J. M., Azor, A., Delgado, J., & González-Lodeiro, F. (2009). Spatial analysis of stream power using GIS: SLk anomaly maps. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(1), 16–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, Z., & Singh, V. P. (2019). The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs)(arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: An overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7), 419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raja, V., Lakshmi, R. V., Sekar, C. P., Chidambaram, S., & Neelakantan, M. A. (2021). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of industrial township Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80, 144–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00795-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar, H., Naik, P. K., & Rishi, M. S. (2020). A new indexing approach for evaluating heavy metal contamination in groundwater. Chemosphere, 245, 125598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raju, N. J. (2006). Iron contamination in groundwater: A case from Tirumala-Tirupati environs India. Researcher, 1(1), 28–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravindra, K., & Mor, S. (2019). Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and selected heavy metals in Groundwater of Chandigarh, India. Environmental Pollution, 250, 820–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.080

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei, A., Hassani, H., & Jabbari, N. (2019). Evaluation of groundwater quality and assessment of pollution indices for heavy metals in North of Isfahan Province Iran. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5(2), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0209-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robles-Camacho, J., & Armienta, M. A. (2000). Natural chromium contamination of groundwater at Leon Valley Mexico. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 68(3), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(99)00083-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shams, M., Tavakkoli Nezhad, N., Dehghan, A., Alidadi, H., Paydar, M., Mohammadi, A. A., & Zarei, A. (2022). Heavy metals exposure, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks assessment of groundwater around mines in Joghatai Iran. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 102(8), 1884–1899. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1743835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R., Venkatesh, A. S., Syed, T. H., Reddy, A. G. S., Kumar, M., & Kurakalva, R. M. (2017). Assessment of potentially toxic trace elements contamination in groundwater resources of the coal mining area of the Korba Coalfield Central India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(16), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6899-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, W., Ao, L., Zhang, H., & Shan, B. (2014). Accumulation and risk of heavy metals in relation to agricultural intensification in the river sediments of agricultural regions. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(9), 3945–3951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2779-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Team, R. C. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2014

  • Thuyet, D. Q., Saito, H., Saito, T., Moritani, S., Kohgo, Y., & Komatsu, T. (2016). Multivariate analysis of trace elements in shallow groundwater in Fuchu in western Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., & Dobhal, R. (2020). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USEPA. (2010). Human health risk assessment: Risk-based concentration table. http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/Generic_Tables/ Retrieved July 08, 2020

  • Ustaoğlu, F., & Islam, M. S. (2020). Potential toxic elements in sediment of some rivers at Giresun, Northeast Turkey: A preliminary assessment for ecotoxicological status and health risk. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Su, Q., Wang, S., Gao, Z., & Liu, J. (2021). Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals in groundwater of eastern China coastal zone. Environmental Pollution, 290, 118016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, X., Gao, B., Wang, P., Zhou, H., & Lu, J. (2015). Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Bei**g, China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 112, 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahoor Hafiz, I., Singla, S., & Hafiz, B. Z. (2022). Physio-chemical and heavy metal assessment of groundwater near dum** sites in Srinagar District, Jammu and Kashmir India. Water Supply, 22(8), 7006–7013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakir, H. M., Sharmin, S., Akter, A., & Rahman, M. S. (2020). Assessment of health risk of heavy metals and water quality indices for irrigation and drinking suitability of waters: a case study of Jamalpur Sadar area. Bangladesh, Environmental Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100005

  • Zhang, Z., Juying, L., Mamat, Z., & QingFu, Y. (2016). Sources identification and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Bortala River, Northwest China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 126, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Y., Fan, W., Zhou, T., & Li, X. (2019). Removal of chelated heavy metals from aqueous solution: A review of current methods and mechanisms. Science of the Total Environment, 678, 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors would like to thank Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, for financial support under Extra Mural Research (EMR) Funding Scheme (Individual Centric) under Grant No: EMR/2016/007826. Authors would also acknowledge the Head, Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir for facilitation and supporting this research study.The authors also acknowledge the assistance resulting from FIST grant of Department of Science & Technology, Govt of India awarded in Water Resources to Department of Environmental Science. Thanks are also due to two annonymous reviewers for their useful comments on the early draft of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India

    Rameez A Shah, Aurooj Shafi & Sami Ullah Bhat

  2. Department of Applied Sciences, Institute of Technology Zakura Campus, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India

    S M A Andrabi

  3. Govt Degree College Shopian, Department of Higher Education, Govt. of J&K, Shopian, India

    Aadil Hamid

  4. Electrical and Heliborne Geophysics Group, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India

    N.C. Mondal

  5. Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India

    N.C. Mondal

Authors
  1. Rameez A Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aurooj Shafi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S M A Andrabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sami Ullah Bhat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Aadil Hamid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. N.C. Mondal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Rameez A Shah: Conceptualization, Methodology, sampling and analysis, Validation, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Aurooj Shafi: Data curation, Sampling and analysis writing-review and editing

S M A Andrabi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Writing-review and editing, Funding acquisition.

Sami Ullah Bhat: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing-review and editing, Supervision, Project administration.

Aadil Hamid: Editing, Formal analysis

N.C. Mondal: Editing, Formal analysis

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sami Ullah Bhat.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Disclaimer

The research conducted in this article was in compliance with international, national, and/or institutional guidelines. None of the authors performed any studies involving human participants or experimental animals for this article. Furthermore, this manuscript has not been published or submitted elsewhere, either in part or in full.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shah, R.A., Shafi, A., Andrabi, S.M.A. et al. Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Groundwater of Selected Watersheds of Srinagar and Pulwama districts of Kashmir Himalaya. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 665 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06615-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06615-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation