Abstract
The key problem of in situ biological nitrogen removal in domestic sewage is the lack of carbon source. A new type of double-layer sustained-release carbon source microspheres was prepared using cheap agricultural waste as carbon source. The carbon release performance and denitrification performance of three kinds of agricultural wastes, peanut shell, corn cob, and walnut shell, under different particle sizes were studied, and the optimal inner carbon source was chosen. And the carbon release performance and application in biological denitrification of sodium alginate microspheres were studied by immobilization technology. The results showed that corn cob with particle size < 0.125 mm had better carbon and nitrogen release properties. After embedding and fixing, the total nitrogen (TN) concentration of double-layer carbon source microspheres can be treated to 13.92 mg/L at a temperature of 30 °C, pH 7.2~7.5, and TN concentration of 42.95 mg/L, and the treatment effect was satisfactory with the national standard (GB 18918-2002) for municipal wastewater, which is better than the treatment effect of single-layer carbon source microspheres. It can be seen that double-layer slow-release carbon source microspheres have greater potential than single-layer microspheres for denitrification of domestic sewage.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bajpai, S. K., & Sharma, S. (2004). Investigation of swelling/degradation behaviour of alginate beads crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 59(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.01.002.
Bin, L. I., & Hao, R. X. (2013). Comparison and optimization of cellulose carbon source for denitrification filter. Huan **g Ke Xue, 34(4), 1428–1434.
Caselles-Osorio, A., & Garcia, J. (2006). Performance of experimental horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands fed with dissolved or particulate organic matter. Water Research, 40(19), 3603–3611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.05.038.
Cho, A. R., Chun, Y. G., Kim, B. K., & Park, D. J. (2014). Preparation of alginate–CaCl2 microspheres as resveratrol carriers. Journal of Materials Science, 49(13), 4612–4619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8163-x.
Dinçer, A. R., & Kargı, F. J. (2000). Kinetics of sequential nitrification and denitrification processes. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(1–2), 37–42.
El-Kamel, A. H., Al-Gohary, O. M. N., & Hosny, E. A. (2003). Alginate-diltiazem hydrocloride beads: optimization of formulation factors, in vitro and in vivo availability. Journal of Microencapsulation, 20(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.3109/02652040309178063.
Fan, Z., Hu, J., & Wang, J. (2012). Biological nitrate removal using wheat straw and PLA as substrate. Environmental Technology, 33(19–21), 2369–2374. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2012.669411.
Fan KQ, Jia J, Sun PL, Liang HMJEE (2017) Pollution control of urban black-odor water bodies. 13(4):46–52.
Feng, H. G., Wang, H. L., & **g, L. X. (2012). Mixture of walnut shell and sand used to nitrate removal in groundwater. In Advanced materials research (Vol. 356, pp. 459–466). Stafa-Zurich: Trans Tech Publ.
Guan, X., Ji, G., Xu, S., Yun, Y., & Liu, H. (2019). Selection of agricultural straws as sustained-release carbon source for denitrification in a drawer-type biological filter. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 230(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4067-8.
He, J., Zhou, S., Huang, S., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Pretreated corn husk hydrolysate as the carbon source for aerobic denitrification with low levels of N2O emission by thermophilic Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 227(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2998-5.
Henze, M. J. (1991). Capabilities of biological nitrogen removal processes from wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 23(4–6), 669–679.
Huett, D. O., Morris, S. G., Smith, G., & Hunt, N. (2005). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from plant nursery runoff in vegetated and unvegetated subsurface flow wetlands. Water Research, 39(14), 3259–3272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.038.
Lee, C., Fletcher, T. D., & Sun, G. (2009). Nitrogen removal in constructed wetland systems. Engineering in Life Sciences, 9(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200800049.
Li, G., Chen, J., Yang, T., Sun, J., & Yu, S. (2012). Denitrification with corncob as carbon source and biofilm carriers. Water Science and Technology, 65(7), 1238–1243. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.960.
Li, P., Zuo, J., Wang, Y., Zhao, J., Tang, L., & Li, Z. (2016). Tertiary nitrogen removal for municipal wastewater using a solid-phase denitrifying biofilter with polycaprolactone as the carbon source and filtration medium. Water Research, 93, 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.009.
Liu, S., Zu-**n, X. U., Sheng, W., Wei, J., & Yin, H. L. (2011). Performance of new solid carbon source materials for denitrification. Huan **g Ke Xue, 32(8), 2323.
Nyberg, U., Andersson, B., & Aspegren, H. (1996). Long-term experiences with external carbon sources for nitrogen removal. Water Science and Technology, 33(12), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00464-7.
Ouwerx, C., Velings, N., Mestdagh, M. M., & Axelos, M. A. V. (1998). Physico-chemical properties and rheology of alginate gel beads formed with various divalent cations. Polymer Gels and Networks, 6(5), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0966-7822(98)00035-5.
Queiroz, Á. A. A. D., Passos, E. D., Alves, S. D. B., Silva, G. S., Higa, O. Z., & Vítolo, M. (2006). Alginate–poly(vinyl alcohol) core–shell microspheres for lipase immobilization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.23444.
Ra**ikanth, P., Sankar, C., & Mishra, B. (2003). Sodium alginate microspheres of metoprolol tartrate for intranasal systemic delivery: development and evaluation. Drug Delivery, 10(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/713840323.
Rezania, B., Oleszkiewicz, J. A., & Cicek, N. (2007). Hydrogen-dependent denitrification of water in an anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactor coupled with a novel hydrogen delivery system. Water Research, 41(5), 1074–1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.016.
Ritger, P. L., & Peppas, N. A. (1987). A simple equation for description of solute release I. Fickian and non-fickian release from non-swellable devices in the form of slabs, spheres, cylinders or discs. Journal of Controlled Release, 5(1), 23–36.
Saliling, W. J. B., Westerman, P. W., & Losordo, T. M. (2007). Wood chips and wheat straw as alternative biofilter media for denitrification reactors treating aquaculture and other wastewaters with high nitrate concentrations. Aquacultural Engineering, 37(3), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2007.06.003.
Sander, E. M., Virdis, B., & Freguia, S. (2017). Bioelectrochemical nitrogen removal as a polishing mechanism for domestic wastewater treated effluents. Water Science and Technology, 76(11–12), 3150–3159. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.462.
Shen, Z., & Wang, J. (2011). Biological denitrification using cross-linked starch/PCL blends as solid carbon source and biofilm carrier. Bioresource Technology, 102(19), 8835–8838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.090.
Shen, Z., Zhou, Y., & Wang, J. (2013). Comparison of denitrification performance and microbial diversity using starch/polylactic acid blends and ethanol as electron donor for nitrate removal. Bioresource Technology, 131, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.169.
Shen, Z., Yin, Y., & Wang, J. (2016). Biological denitrification using poly(butanediol succinate) as electron donor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(13), 6047–6053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7435-6.
Soares, M. I. M., & Abeliovich, A. (1998). Wheat straw as substrate for water denitrification. Water Research, 32(12), 3790–3794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.090.
Strong, P. J., McDonald, B., & Gapes, D. J. (2011). Enhancing denitrification using a carbon supplement generated from the wet oxidation of waste activated sludge. Bioresource Technology, 102(9), 5533–5540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.025.
Tan, C., Ma, F., & Qiu, S. (2013). Impact of carbon to nitrogen ratio on nitrogen removal at a low oxygen concentration in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor. Water Science and Technology, 67(3), 612–618. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.554.
Vanderhoff, J. W., Vitkuske, J. F., Bradford, E. B., & Alfrey, T. (1956). Some factors involved in the preparation of uniform particle size latexes. Journal of Polymer Science, 20(95), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1956.120209501.
Wang, J., & Chu, L. (2016). Biological nitrate removal from water and wastewater by solid-phase denitrification process. Biotechnology Advances, 34(6), 1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.07.001.
Wang, Q., Feng, C., Zhao, Y., & Hao, C. (2009). Denitrification of nitrate contaminated groundwater with a fiber-based biofilm reactor. Bioresource Technology, 100(7), 2223–2227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.057.
Wu, W., Yang, F., & Yang, L. (2012). Biological denitrification with a novel biodegradable polymer as carbon source and biofilm carrier. Bioresource Technology, 118, 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.066.
Wu, C., Tang, D., Wang, Q., Wang, J., Liu, J., Guo, Y., & Liu, S. (2015). Comparison of denitrification performances using PLA/starch with different mass ratios as carbon source. Water Science and Technology, 71(7), 1019–1025. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.048.
Xu, Z. X., Liu, S., Yin, H. L., Chu, H. Q., & Yao, Y. J. (2009a). Biological Denitrification using corncobs as a carbon source and biofilm carrier. Water Environment Research A Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation, 81(3), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143008X325683.
Xu, Z. X., Shao, L., Yin, H. L., Chu, H. Q., & Yao, Y. J. (2009b). Biological denitrification using corncobs as a carbon source and biofilm carrier. Water Environment Research, 81(3), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143008x325683.
Yang, X. L., Jiang, Q., Song, H. L., Gu, T. T., & **a, M. Q. (2015). Selection and application of agricultural wastes as solid carbon sources and biofilm carriers in MBR. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283, 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.036.
Yu, W. P., Ginige, M. P., Kaksonen, A. H., Ralf, C. R., Sutton, D. C., & Ka Yu, C. (2015). Simultaneous phosphorus uptake and denitrification by EBPR-r biofilm under aerobic conditions: effect of dissolved oxygen. Water Science and Technology, 72(7), 1147.
Yu, C., Huang, X., Chen, H., Godfray, H. C. J., Wright, J. S., Hall, J. W., Gong, P., Ni, S., Qiao, S., Huang, G., **ao, Y., Zhang, J., Feng, Z., Ju, X., Ciais, P., Stenseth, N. C., Hessen, D. O., Sun, Z., Yu, L., Cai, W., Fu, H., Huang, X., Zhang, C., Liu, H., & Taylor, J. (2019). Managing nitrogen to restore water quality in China. Nature, 567(7749), 516–520. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1001-1.
Zain, N. A. M., Suhaimi, M. S., & Idris, A. (2011). Development and modification of PVA-alginate as a suitable immobilization matrix. Process Biochemistry, 46(11), 2122–2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.08.010.
Zhang, D., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Zhou, G., & Li, G. (2015). Innovative slow-release organic carbon-source material for groundwater in situ denitrification. Environmental Technology, 36(5–8), 909–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.966767.
Zheng, X., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Huang, D., & Zheng, Z. (2018). Advanced nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent using a deep bed denitrification filter. Water Science and Technology, 77(11–12), 2723–2732. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.231.
Funding
This research work was financially supported by Biological Resources Programme, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-BRP-009), Environmental Management and Ecological Protection Major Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province (2019YFS0504), Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province, “Integration and Demonstration of In-situ Integrated Treatment Technology Integration and Demonstration of Urban Black and Odour Water Body” (2017SZ0177).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
**ng, Y., Zhang, D., Cai, L. et al. An Innovative Double-Layer Microsphere Used as Slow-Release Carbon Source for Biological Denitrification. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 135 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04506-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04506-0