Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Ribeiro HS, Duarte MP, Burdmann EA, Ferreira AP, Inda-Filho AJ (2024) Serum bicarbonate levels and kidney outcomes in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study. Int Urol Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-024-04029-1. (PMID: 38557818)
Paudel R, Bissell B, Dogra P, Morris PE, Chaaban S (2022) Serum bicarbonate: reconsidering the importance of a neglected biomarker in predicting clinical outcomes in sepsis. Cureus 14(4):e24012. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.24012. (PMID:35547444;PMCID:PMC9090221)
Wigger O, Bloechlinger S, Berger D, Häner J, Zanchin T, Windecker S, Räber L, Schefold JC (2018) Baseline serum bicarbonate levels independently predict short-term mortality in critically ill patients with ischaemic cardiogenic shock. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 7(1):45–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872616683526. (Epub 2016 Dec 14 PMID: 28838261)
Huang X, Zhang Y (2023) Relationship between serum bicarbonate levels and the risk of death within 30 days in ICU patients with acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 24(14):1125359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1125359. (PMID:37292129;PMCID:PMC10246426)
Tan L, Xu Q, Li C, Chen X, Bai H (2021) Association between the admission serum bicarbonate and short-term and long-term mortality in acute aortic dissection patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Int J Gen Med 5(14):4183–4195. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S321581. (PMID:34385839;PMCID:PMC8352635)
Schopis M, Kumar A, Parides M, Tepler A, Sigal S (2021) Admission serum bicarbonate predicts adverse clinical outcomes in hospitalized cirrhotic patients. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(2021):9915055. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9915055.PMID:34055676;PMCID:PMC8149247
Dobre M, Pajewski NM, Beddhu S, Chonchol M, Hostetter TH, Li P, Rahman M, Servilla K, Weiner DE, Wright JT, Raphael KL (2020) Serum bicarbonate and cardiovascular events in hypertensive adults: results from the systolic blood pressure intervention trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfz149
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group (2024) KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 105(4S):S117–S314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018
Kraut JA, Madias NE (2010) Metabolic acidosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Nephrol 6(5):274–285. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2010.33. (Epub 2010 Mar 23 PMID: 20308999)
Di Iorio BR, Bellasi A, Raphael KL, Santoro D, Aucella F, Garofano L, Ceccarelli M, Di Lullo L, Capolongo G, Di Iorio M, Guastaferro P, Capasso G, UBI Study Group (2019) Treatment of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate delays progression of chronic kidney disease: the UBI Study. J Nephrol 32(6):989–1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00656-5. (PMCID: PMC6821658)
Bellasi A, Di Micco L, Santoro D, Marzocco S, De Simone E, Cozzolino M, Di Lullo L, Guastaferro P, Di Iorio B, UBI study investigators (2016) Correction of metabolic acidosis improves insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0372-x. (PMID: 27770799; PMCID: PMC5075179)
Pina PMR, Arcon LC, Zatz R, Moysés RMA, Elias RM (2023) Older patients are less prone to fast decline of renal function: a propensity-matched study. Int Urol Nephrol 55(12):3245–3252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-023-03610-4. (Epub 2023 May 9 PMID: 37160835)
Wiegand A, Lim SF, von Moos S, Wüthrich RP, Held L, Mohebbi N (2022) Association of serum bicarbonate with graft survival and mortality in kidney transplant recipients. J Nephrol 35(2):619–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-021-01197-6. (Epub 2021 Nov 29 PMID: 34843097)
Mohebbi N, Ritter A, Wiegand A, Graf N, Dahdal S, Sidler D, Arampatzis S, Hadaya K, Mueller TF, Wagner CA, Wüthrich RP (2023) Sodium bicarbonate for kidney transplant recipients with metabolic acidosis in Switzerland: a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 401(10376):557–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02606-X. (Epub 2023 Jan 25 PMID: 36708734)
Ing TS, Massie L, Tzamaloukas AH, Lew SQ (2021) Plasma bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide: terms to be employed with precision. Int Urol Nephrol 53(7):1483–1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02734-1. (Epub 2021 Jan 3 PMID: 33389503)
Riella C, Siemens TA, Wang M, Campos RP, Moraes TP, Riella LV, Friedman DJ, Riella MC, Pollak MR (2019) APOL1-Associated Kidney Disease in Brazil. Kidney Int Rep 4(7):923–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2019.03.006. (PMID:31317114;PMCID:PMC6611925)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
"D.C., N.M. and A.B. wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript."
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
A.B. acts as editor-in-chief of International Urology and Nephrology, but he is not involved in the peer-review process of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cozzo, D., Merkel, N. & Bellasi, A. Serum bicarbonate levels, kidney injury progression, and overall survival: which came first, the chicken or the egg?. Int Urol Nephrol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-024-04120-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-024-04120-7