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Food waste valorization via anaerobic processes: a review

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Abstract

The increasing production of food waste worldwide and new international regulations call for the development of new technologies to treat this biowaste. Anaerobic processes are able to treat efficiently organic wastes, producing at the same time different value-added compounds. In addition, due to the lower costs and environmental impacts associated with these processes when compared to other options, they are among the most promising technologies for food waste treatment. This article reviews the state-of-the-art dealing with treatment of food waste by anaerobic processes, with emphasis on the most recent research carried out. The different processes that are assessed are anaerobic digestion for methane production, anaerobic fermentation for hydrogen and/or volatile fatty acids production and 2-stage systems. The primary issues associated with each alternative are presented, paying special attention to accumulation of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the reactor. In addition, the latest developments to overcome the complications of each system are also described, focusing on how they improve its stability and performance. Moreover, the relevant economic and environmental research has also been reviewed, including several life cycle analyses that compare anaerobic processes with other technologies used for food waste treatment. Different case studies are also presented. Finally, recommendations for future research for the anaerobic processes studied and options for process integration are discussed. Moving towards the idea of a circular economy, a potential biorefinery for food waste valorization is also proposed.

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Abbreviations

ABPs:

Animal by-products

AcoD:

Anaerobic co-digestion

AD:

Anaerobic digestion

AF:

Acidogenic fermentation

AnMBR:

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor

BMP:

Biochemical methane potential

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CSTR:

Continuous stirred tank reactor

DF:

Dark fermentation

FAN:

Free ammonia nitrogen

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

FW:

Food waste

GWP:

Global warming potential

HAc:

Acetic acid

HBu:

Butyric acid

HLa:

Lactic acid

HPr:

Propionic acid

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time

HVa:

Valeric acid

HY:

Hydrogen yield

LAB:

Lactic acid bacteria

LCA:

Life cycle analysis

MY:

Methane yield

OFMSW:

Organic fraction municipal solid waste

OLR:

Organic loading rate

S/X:

Substrate/inoculum

SRT:

Solids retention time

SSFW:

Source segregated food waste

T:

Temperature

TAN:

Total ammonia nitrogen

TEs:

Trace elements

TPASBR:

Temperature phased anaerobic sequencing batch reactor

TS:

Total solids

VFAs:

Volatile fatty acids

VHPR:

Volumetric hydrogen production rate

VMPR:

Volumetric methane production rate

VS:

Volatile solids

VSS:

Volatile suspended solids

WAS:

Waste activated sludge

WRRFs:

Water resource recovery facilities

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Acknowledgments

This research has been financed by Suez and by the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA) under the CIFRE convention No. 2014/1146. Both are gratefully acknowledged. The authors also wish to thank the Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand Narbonne (CAGN) for the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LBE, INRA, 102 avenue des Etangs, 11100, Narbonne, France

    Gabriel Capson-Tojo, Jean-Philippe Steyer, Jean-Philippe Delgenès & Renaud Escudié

  2. Suez, CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France

    Gabriel Capson-Tojo, Maxime Rouez & Marion Crest

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  1. Gabriel Capson-Tojo
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  2. Maxime Rouez
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  3. Marion Crest
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  4. Jean-Philippe Steyer
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Correspondence to Renaud Escudié.

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Capson-Tojo, G., Rouez, M., Crest, M. et al. Food waste valorization via anaerobic processes: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 15, 499–547 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-016-9405-y

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