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Exposure to warming and CO2 enrichment promotes greater above-ground biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in newly established grasslands

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Abstract

Aims

In view of the projected increase in global air temperature and CO2 concentration, the effects of climatic changes on biomass production, CO2 fluxes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization in newly established grassland communities were investigated. We hypothesized that above- and below-ground biomass, gross primary productivity (GPP), AMF root colonization and nutrient acquisition would increase in response to the future climate conditions. Furthermore, we expected that increased below-ground C allocation would enhance soil respiration (Rsoil).

Methods

Grassland communities were grown either at ambient temperatures with 375 ppm CO2 (Amb) or at ambient temperatures +3°C with 620 ppm CO2 (T+CO2).

Results

Total biomass production and GPP were stimulated under T+CO2. Above-ground biomass was increased under T+CO2 while belowground biomass was similar under both climates. The significant increase in root colonization intensity under T+CO2, and therefore the better contact between roots and AMF, probably determined the higher above-ground P and N content. Rsoil was not significantly affected by the future climate conditions, only showing a tendency to increase under future climate at the end of the season.

Conclusions

Newly established grasslands benefited from the exposure to elevated CO2 and temperature in terms of total biomass production; higher root AMF colonization may partly provide the nutrients required to sustain this growth response.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Belgian Science Policy Service (BELSPO, contract # SD/BD/05A) as part of the MYCARBIO project. C. Zavalloni was a beneficiary of a Marie Curie International Reintegration Grant (contract MIRG-CT-2005-031109), which partially financed this study. S. Vicca held a grant from the Institute for Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT-Vlaanderen). H. Dupré de Boulois was a beneficiary of a “Chargé de Recherches” grant from the FNRS (Belgium). We thank B. Gielen and J. Van den Berge for their help during the set-up of the experiment, N. Calluy, K. Crous and F. Kockelbergh for technical assistance, P. Stevanato and S.H. Fu for their help with the root analyses, and K. Hufkens and K. Naudts for field assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium

    Costanza Zavalloni, Sara Vicca, Manu Büscher, Ivan Nijs & Reinhart Ceulemans

  2. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 208, 33100, Udine, Italy

    Costanza Zavalloni

  3. Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de Microbiologie, Croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Ivan E. de la Providencia, Hervé Dupré de Boulois & Stéphane Declerck

  4. Biodiversity Centre, Université de Montreal, 4201 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, H1X 2B2, Canada

    Ivan E. de la Providencia

  5. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ivan Nijs

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  1. Costanza Zavalloni
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  2. Sara Vicca
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Correspondence to Costanza Zavalloni.

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Figure 6

Soil respiration (Rsoil) as a function of soil temperature in grassland communities exposed to ambient temperature and 375 ppm of CO2 (Amb, figs. a–e) or ambient temperature +3°C and 620 ppm of CO2 (T+CO 2, figs f–j) measured at the end of the growing season (November). Individual regressions were fitted for each community (replication) in each climate. Dots represent measured values and lines represent the regression fitted with equation 2. (DOC 46 kb)

Figure 7

Experimental design of the 10 climate-controlled chambers. Communities in chambers with odd numbers were exposed to ambient Tair and 375 ppm CO2 (Amb), while the ones in chambers with even number were exposed to ambient Tair +3°C and 620 ppm CO2 (future climate, T+CO 2). Communities inside the chambers in green were used for the experiment. Inside each container, the 18 plants were arranged with the scheme depicted in the example above. At transplanting, soil respiration chambers were installed on the bare soil between plants. (DOC 414 kb)

Figure 8

Inside view of a climate-controlled chamber with established grasslands communities. (DOC 724 kb)

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Zavalloni, C., Vicca, S., Büscher, M. et al. Exposure to warming and CO2 enrichment promotes greater above-ground biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in newly established grasslands. Plant Soil 359, 121–136 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1190-y

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