Abstract
The demand for fossil fuels has resulted in their rapid depletion and rise in the fuel costs. Moreover, fossil fuels have serious negative impacts on the environment due to their harmful emissions leading to global warming. This has paved the way for research into finding a renewable alternative to fossil fuels and exploring potential biofuel feedstocks. Biofuels are non-toxic, renewable, and have properties that are similar to conventional fuels. Among the studied feed-stocks, microalgae serve as a viable biofuel feedstock due to a number of advantages over another plant-based feed-stocks. Algal biofuels can help to restore the former green environment by completely replacing fossil fuels. However, only large-scale production and commercialization can meet these requirements. Numerous studies have been conducted to screen algal species with higher lipid yield. Despite decades of intensive research, biofuels have not reached the target of replacing conventional fuels. This is due to the challenges at every stage of its production process, starting from large-scale cultivation to commercial release of product. Novel lipid recovery strategies can be employed to tackle these limitations. For example, hybrid liquid biphasic system can be used to decrease the production costs (Yong et al. in J Water Process Eng 38: 101665, 2020). The aim of the review is to summarize the up to date research in the field of algae biofuels and to bring the focus on characterization and commercialization of algal lipids as a source of alternate energy. Furthermore, strategies to improve lipid accumulation and challenges associated with existing technologies are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelaziz AEM, Leite GB, Hallenbeck PC (2017) Addressing the challenges for sustainable production of algal biofuels: II. Harvesting and Conversion to Biofuels. Environ Technol 34:1807–1836
Ajjawi I, Verruto J, Aqui M et al (2017) Lipid production in Nannochloropsis gaditana is doubled by decreasing expression of a single transcriptional regulator. Nat Publ Gr 35:647–652. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3865
Amer L, Adhikari B, Pellegrino J (2011) Bioresource technology technoeconomic analysis of five microalgae-to-biofuels processes of varying complexity. Bioresour Technol 102:9350–9359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.010
Aratboni A, Cell M, Aratboni HA et al (2019) Biomass and lipid induction strategies in microalgae for biofuel production and other applications. Microb Cell Fact. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-019-1228-4
Bajhaiya AK, Dean AP, Driver T et al (2015) High-throughput metabolic screening of microalgae genetic variation in response to nutrient limitation. Metabolomics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-015-0878-4
Barlow J, Sims RC, Quinn JC (2016) Techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of an attached growth algal biorefinery. Bioresour Technol 220:360–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.091
Beal CM, Hebner RE, Romanovicz D et al (2013) Progression of lipid pro fi le and cell structure in a research-scale production pathway for algal biocrude. Renew Energy 50:86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.06.027
Challagulla V, Nayar S, Walsh K, Fabbro L (2016) Critical reviews in biotechnology advances in techniques for assessment of microalgal lipids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 8551:13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2016.1206058
Chamkalani A, Zendehboudi S, Rezaei N, Hawboldt K (2020) A critical review on life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel: current challenges and future prospects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 134:110143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110143
Change C, Millar N, Doll JE, Robertson GP (2014) Management of nitrogen fertilizer to reduce nitrous oxide ( N2O ) emissions from field crops
Chen PH, Quinn JC (2021) Microalgae to biofuels through hydrothermal liquefaction: open-source techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. Appl Energy 289:116613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116613
Chen C, Kuo E, Nagarajan D et al (2021) Bioresource Technology semi-batch cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 with dual carriers for the effective treatment of full strength piggery wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 326:124773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124773
Chiaramonti D, Prussi M, Buffi M et al (2016) Review and experimental study on pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae for biofuel production. Appl Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.001
Chisti Y, Yan J (2011) Energy from algae: current status and future trends. Algal biofuels—a status report. Appl Energy 88:3277–3279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.038
Dasan YK, Lam MK, Yusup S, Lim JW (2021) Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in sequential flow photobioreactor system: influence of recycled culture medium on growth, lipid and protein content cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in sequential flow photobioreactor system: influence of recycled culture medium on growth, lipid and protein content. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/721/1/012013
Dean AP, Sigee DC, Estrada B, Pittman JK (2010) Bioresource technology using FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation in freshwater microalgae. Bioresour Technol 101:4499–4507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.065
De Jesus SS, Ferreira GF, Regina M et al (2019) Biodiesel purification by column chromatography and liquid-liquid extraction using green solvents. Fuel 235:1123–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.107
Deng X, Li Y, Fei X (2009) Microalgae: a promising feedstock for biodiesel. Afr J Microbiol Res 3:1008–1014
Devda V, Chaudhary K, Varjani S et al (2021) Recovery of resources from industrial wastewater employing electrochemical technologies: status, advancements and perspectives. Bioengineered 12:4697–4718. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1946631
Doshi A, Pascoe S, Coglan L, Rainey TJ (2016) Economic and policy issues in the production of algae-based biofuels: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 64:329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.027
Driver T, Bajhaiya AK, Allwood JW et al (2015) Metabolic responses of eukaryotic microalgae to environmental stress limit the ability of FT-IR spectroscopy for species identification. ALGAL 11:148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.06.009
Fabris M, Abbriano RM, Pernice M et al (2020) Emerging technologies in algal biotechnology: toward the establishment of a sustainable, algae-based bioeconomy. Front Plant Sci 11:1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00279
Fasaei F, Bitter JH, Slegers PM, van Boxtel AJB (2018) Techno-economic evaluation of microalgae harvesting and dewatering systems. Algal Res 31:347–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.038
Feng GD, Zhang F, Cheng LH et al (2013) Evaluation of FT-IR and Nile Red methods for microalgal lipid characterization and biomass composition determination. Bioresour Technol 128:107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.123
Feng S, Hao H, Guo W et al (2021) Bioresource technology roles and applications of enzymes for resistant pollutants removal in wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 335:125278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125278
Ferreira B, Viégas E, Cristina J et al (2015) Analysis of some chemical elements in marine microalgae for biodiesel production and other uses. ALGAL 9:312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.010
Frank ED, Han J, Palou-rivera I, Elgowainy A (2012) Methane and nitrous oxide emissions affect the life-cycle analysis of algal biofuels. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014030
Griffiths G, Hossain AK, Sharma V, Duraisamy G (2021) Clean technologies key targets for improving algal biofuel production. 711–742
Griffiths MJ, Harrison STL (2009) Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel production. J Appl Phycol 21:493–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-008-9392-7
Guarnieri MT, Nag A, Yang S, Pienkos PT (2013) Proteomic analysis of Chlorella vulgaris: potential targets for enhanced lipid accumulation. J Proteomics 93:245–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.025
Guschina IA, Harwood JL (2009) Algal Lipids and Effect of the Environment on their Biochemistry. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89366-2
Halder P, Azad AK (2019) Recent trends and challenges of algal biofuel conversion technologies. Elsevier Ltd
Heo HY, Heo S, Lee JH (2019) Comparative techno-economic analysis of transesterification technologies for microalgal biodiesel production. Ind Eng Chem Res 58:18772–18779. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03994
Hoffman J, Pate RC, Drennen T, Quinn JC (2017) Techno-economic assessment of open microalgae production systems. Algal Res 23:51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.01.005
Hong W, Nur S, Zaine A et al (2019) Impact of various microalgal-bacterial populations on municipal wastewater bioremediation and its energy feasibility for lipid-based biofuel production. J Environ Manage 249:109384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109384
Hu C, Cui D, Sun X et al (2020) Primary metabolism is associated with the astaxanthin biosynthesis in the green algae Haematococcus pluvialis under light stress. Algal Res 46:101768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101768
Jaramillo JJ, Naranjo JM, Cardona CA (2012) Growth and oil extraction from chlorella vulgaris: a techno- economic and environmental assessment
Juneja A, Murthy GS (2017) Evaluating the potential of renewable diesel production from algae cultured on wastewater: techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. AIMS Energy 5:239–257. https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.2.239
Kamaroddin MF, Hanotu J, Gilmour DJ, Zimmerman WB (2016) In-situ disinfection and a new downstream processing scheme from algal harvesting to lipid extraction using ozone-rich microbubbles for biofuel production. ALGAL 17:217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.006
Kamaroddin MF, Rahaman A, Gilmour DJ, Zimmerman WB (2020) Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology optimization and cost estimation of microalgal lipid extraction using ozone-rich microbubbles for biodiesel production. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 23:101462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101462
Keasling J, Martin HG, Lee TS et al (2021) Microbial production of advanced biofuels. Nat Rev Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00577-w
Knothe G (2001) Analytical methods used in the production and fuel quality assessment of biodiesel. Trans ASAE 44(2):193. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.4740
Krishna A, Wayne K, Show P et al (2021) Bioresource technology liquid triphasic systems as sustainable downstream processing of Chlorella sp. biorefinery for potential biofuels and feed production. Bioresour Technol 333:125075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125075
Kumar S, Delhi N (2015) GM algae for biofuel production: biosafety and risk assessment. Collect Biosaf Rev 9:52–75
Kumar R, Bansal V, Patel MB, Sarpal AS (2015) Compositional analysis of algal biomass in a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tube. J Algal Biomass Util 5:36–45
Laurens LML, Wolfrum EJ (2011) Feasibility of spectroscopic characterization of algal lipids: Chemometric correlation of NIR and FTIR Spectra with exogenous lipids in algal biomass. Bioenergy Res 4:22–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-010-9098-y
Laurens LML, Wolfrum EJ (2013) High-throughput quantitative biochemical characterization of algal biomass by NIR spectroscopy; multiple linear regression and multivariate linear regression analysis. J Agric Food Chem 61:12307–12314. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403086f
Leong HY, Chang CK, Khoo KS et al (2021) Waste biorefinery towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy: a solution to global issues. Biotechnol Biofuels. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01939-5
Li DW, Cen SY, Liu YH et al (2016) A type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase accelerates the triacylglycerol biosynthesis in heterokont oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica. J Biotechnol 229:65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.05.005
Loera-quezada MM, Leyva-gonz MA, Vel G (2016) A novel genetic engineering platform for the effective management of biological contaminants for the production of microalgae. Plant Biotechnol J. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12564
Lohman EJ, Gardner RD, Halverson L et al (2013) An efficient and scalable extraction and quantification method for algal derived biofuel. J Microbiol Methods 94:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.007
Lohman EJ, Gardner RD, Pedersen T et al (2015) Optimized inorganic carbon regime for enhanced growth and lipid accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris Luisa Gouveia. Biotechnol Biofuels 8:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0265-4
Low SS, Bong KX, Mubashir M, et al (2021) Microalgae cultivation in palm oil mill effluent (POME ) treatment and biofuel production
Menetrez MY (2012) An overview of algae biofuel production and potential environmental impact. Environ Sci Technol 46:7073–7085. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300917r
Meng Y, Yao C, Xue S, Yang H (2014) Bioresource technology application of fourier transform infrared ( FT-IR ) spectroscopy in determination of microalgal compositions. Bioresour Technol 151:347–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.064
Morales G, Iglesias J, Melero JA (2020) Sustainable catalytic conversion of biomass for the production of biofuels and bioproducts. 4–7
Morowvat MH, Ghasemi Y (2019) Maximizing biomass and lipid production in heterotrophic culture of chlorella vulgaris: techno-economic assessment. Recent Patents Food Nutr Agric. https://doi.org/10.2174/2212798410666180911100034
Mu D, **n C, Zhou W (2020) Life cycle assessment and techno- economic analysis of algal biofuel production. Elsevier Inc.
Mukhtar A, Saqib S, Mubashir M et al (2021) Mitigation of CO2 emissions by transforming to biofuels: optimization of biofuels production processes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 150:111487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111487
Musa M, Doshi A, Brown R, Rainey TJ (2019) Microalgae dewatering for biofuels: a comparative techno-economic assessment using single and two-stage technologies. J Clean Prod 229:325–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.039
Nautiyal P, Subramanian KA, Dastidar MG (2014) Production and characterization of biodiesel from algae. Fuel Process Technol 120:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.12.003
Nezammahalleh H, Adams TA, Ghanati F, Nosrati M (2018) Techno-economic and environmental assessment of conceptually designed in situ lipid extraction process from microalgae. Algal Res 35:547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.09.025
Nguyen T, Bui X, Hao H et al (2021) Nutrient recovery and microalgae biomass production from urine by membrane photobioreactor at low biomass retention times. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147423
Nigam H, Malik A, Singh V (2021) A novel nanoemulsion-based microalgal growth medium for enhanced biomass production. Biotechnol Biofuels 14:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01960-8
Oltra C (2011) Stakeholder perceptions of biofuels from microalgae. Energy Policy 39:1774–1781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.009
Ovcharuk O, Hutsol T, Ovcharuk O (2020) Prospects of use of nutrient remains of corn plants on biofuels and production technology of pellets. In: Wróbel M, Jewiarz M, Szlęk A (eds) Renewable energy sources: engineering, technology, innovation: ICORES 2018. Springer, pp 293–300
Pal P, Wayne CK, Yen H-W, Lim JW, Lam MK, Show PL (2019) Cultivation of oily microalgae for the production of third-generation biofuels. Sustainability 11(19):5424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195424
Pourkarimi S, Hallajisani A, Alizadehdakhel A, Nouralishahi A (2019) Biofuel production through micro- and macroalgae pyrolysis—a review of pyrolysis methods and process parameters. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 142:104599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2019.04.015
Raheem A, Azlina WW, Yap YT, Danquah MK (2015) Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49:990–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.186
Rajesh Banu J, Preethi KS et al (2020) Microalgae based biorefinery promoting circular bioeconomy-techno economic and life-cycle analysis. Bioresour Technol 302:122822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122822
Rambabu K, Banat F, Pham QM et al (2020) Biological remediation of acid mine drainage: review of past trends and current outlook. Environ Sci Ecotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2020.100024
Rehman ZU, Anal AK (2019) Enhanced lipid and starch productivity of microalga (Chlorococcum sp. TISTR 8583) with nitrogen limitation following effective pretreatments for biofuel production. Biotechnol Rep 21:e00298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00298
Saad MG, Dosoky NS, Zoromba MS, Shafik HM (2019) Algal biofuels: current status and key challenges. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101920
Samek O, Jonáš A, Pilát Z et al (2010) Raman microspectroscopy of individual algal cells: sensing unsaturation of storage lipids in vivo. Sensors 10:8635–8651. https://doi.org/10.3390/s100908635
Sarangi PK, Nayak MM (2021) Agro-Waste for Second-Generation Biofuels. Liq Biofuels Fundam Charact Appl 7:697–709
Sen R (2017) Smart and reusable biopolymer nanocomposite for simultaneous microalgal biomass harvesting and disruption: integrated downstream processing for a sustainable biorefinery. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02189
Sepúlveda C, Acién FG, Gómez C et al (2015) Utilization of centrate for the production of the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana. ALGAL 9:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.03.004
Severes A, Hegde S, D’Souza L, Hegde S (2017) Use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) for enhanced lipid production in micro-algae based biofuels. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 170:235–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.023
Shahid A, Rehman AU, Usman M et al (2020) Engineering the metabolic pathways of lipid biosynthesis to develop robust microalgal strains for biodiesel production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 67:41–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.1812
Shiong K, Wayne K, Yong G et al (2020) Bioresource technology recent advances in downstream processing of microalgae lipid recovery for biofuel production. Bioresour Technol 304:122996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122996
Shokravi H, Shokravi Z, Heidarrezaei M et al (2021) Chemosphere Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: challenges and future directions. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131535
Sigamani S, Ramamurthy D, Natarajan H (2016) A review on potential biotechnological applications of microalgae. J Appl Pharm Sci 6:179–184. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2016.60829
Singh J, Saxena RC (2015) An Introduction to Microalgae: Diversity and Significance. 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800776-1.00002-9
Siong W, Hong C, Siti H et al (2021) Microalgae and ammonia: a review on inter-relationship. Fuel 303:121303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121303
Smith VH, Sturm BSM, Frank J, Billings SA (2009) The ecology of algal biodiesel production. Trends Ecol Evol 25:301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.11.007
Somers MD, Quinn JC (2019) Sustainability of carbon delivery to an algal biorefinery: A techno-economic and life-cycle assessment. J CO2 Util 30:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.01.007
Somers MD, Chen P, Clip**er J et al (2021) Techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of fuel production from mixotrophic Galdieria sulphuraria microalgae on hydrolysate. Algal Res 59:102419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2021.102419
Sudhakar K, Premalatha M (2015) Characterization of micro algal biomass through FTIR/TGA /CHN analysis: application to scenedesmus sp. Energy Sour Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 37:2330–2337. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2013.825661
Sung MG, Han JI, Lee B, Chang YK (2018) Wavelength shift strategy to enhance lipid productivity of Nannochloropsis gaditana. Biotechnol Biofuels 11:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1067-2
Suparmaniam U, Kee M, Uemura Y et al (2019) Insights into the microalgae cultivation technology and harvesting process for biofuel production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 115:109361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109361
Swarnalatha GV, Hegde NS, Chauhan VS, Sarada R (2015) The effect of carbon dioxide rich environment on carbonic anhydrase activity, growth and metabolite production in indigenous freshwater microalgae. ALGAL 9:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.02.014
Syahirah N, Aron M, Shiong K et al (2020) Sustainability of the four generations of biofuels–a review. Int J Energy Res. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5557
Tan X, Uemura Y, Lim JW et al (2017) Cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production: a review on upstream and downstream processing. Chin J Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2017.08.010
Todt H, Burk W, Guthausen G et al (2001) Quality control with time-domain. NMR 103:835–840
Tsita KG, Kiartzis SJ, Ntavos NK, Pilavachi PA (2019) Next generation biofuels derived from thermal and chemical conversion of the Greek transport sector. Therm Sci Eng Prog. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2019.100387
Varjani S (2020) Treatment of wastewater from petroleum industry: current practices and perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:27172–27180
Verruto J, Francis K, Wang Y et al (2018) Unrestrained markerless trait stacking in nannochloropsis gaditana through combined genome editing and marker recycling technologies. Proc Nat Acad Sci 115:7015–7022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718193115
Vidyashankar S, Shankaramurthy K, Singh R et al (2015) ScienceDirect characterization of fatty acids and hydrocarbons of chlorophycean microalgae towards their use as biofuel source. Biomass Bioenerg 77:75–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.03.001
Wang Q, Lu Y, **n Y et al (2016) Genome editing of model oleaginous microalgae Nannochloropsis spp. by CRISPR/Cas9. Plant J. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13307
Wang L, Pan B, Gao Y et al (2019) Efficient membrane microalgal harvesting: pilot-scale performance and techno-economic analysis. J Clean Prod 218:83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.321
Work VH, Radakovits R, **kerson RE et al (2010) Increased Lipid Accumulation in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii sta7–10 Starchless Isoamylase Mutant and increased carbohydrate synthesis in complemented strains increased lipid accumulation in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii sta7-10 Starchless Isoamylase M. Eukaryot Cell. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00075-10
** Y, Yin L, Chi ZY, Luo G (2021) Characterization and RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis of a Scenedesmus obliqnus mutant with enhanced photosynthesis efficiency and lipid productivity. Sci Rep 11:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88954-6
**a L, Rong J, Yang H et al (2014) NaCl as an effective inducer for lipid accumulation in freshwater microalgae Desmodesmus abundans. Bioresour Technol 161:402–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.063
**ong W, Fu Y, Zeng F, Guo Q (2011) An in situ reduction approach for bio-oil hydroprocessing. Fuel Process Technol 92:1599–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.04.005
Yong G, Ying S, Loke P et al (2019) Bioresource technology reports recent advances in algae biodiesel production: from upstream cultivation to downstream processing. Bioresour Technol Rep 7:100227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100227
Yong G, Shiong K, Yi W et al (2020) Journal of water process engineering a novel lipids recovery strategy for biofuels generation on microalgae chlorella cultivation with waste molasses. J Water Process Eng 38:101665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101665
Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhuang B, Zhou X (2014) Strategic enhancement of algal biomass, nutrient uptake and lipid through statistical optimization of nutrient supplementation in coupling Scenedesmus obliquus-like microalgae cultivation and municipal wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 171:71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.060
Zhu S, Wang Y, Xu J et al (2015) Luxury uptake of phosphorus changes the accumulation of starch and lipid in Chlorella sp. under nitrogen depletion. Bioresour Technol 198:165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.142
Acknowledgements
AKB would like to thank Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Govt. of India for SERB-SRG research grant. A.S, would like to thank SERB for the project fellowship. SR would like to thank CSIR for Ph.D. fellowship. All authors thank Department of Microbiology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu for supporting this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
A.K.B conceptualize the design of the review article and further interpret the literature in the relevant field. A.S and S.R drafted the article and draw the figures and tables. A.K.B, R.B.J, P.G and S.V edited, corrected and critically refined the drafts. A.K.B supervised the writing process. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declared that there is no conflict of interest with respect to either authorship, affiliation or in any part of the writing of this chapter.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sreenikethanam, A., Raj, S., Rajesh Banu, J. et al. Algal lipids for biofuel production: strategies, environmental impacts, downstream processing and commercialization. Phytochem Rev 22, 1127–1145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09824-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09824-1