Abstract
In this study, tin ferrite nanoparticles (SnFe2O4) were synthesized using sol–gel, solvothermal, and co-precipitation methods, and the effect of annealing temperature on the formation of structures annealed at T = 350 °C, T = 450 °C, and T = 550 °C was investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field-emission electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to investigate the structural, optical, and surface morphological properties. The results obtained from the structural analysis of the synthesized samples showed that the SFO4 sample with the spinel phase synthesized by solvothermal had the highest intensity of the preferred peak (311) and a more uniform grain size. The FESEM images of the nanostructures showed cubic and polyhedral grains with cluster growth. The optical absorbance of the samples was studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy within the wavelength range of λ = 190–1100 nm. The highest absorption in the samples was related to SFO6, and the band gap showed an increasing trend with temperature in region Eg = 2.20–2.85 eV. The reason for the increase of band gap with increasing temperature is the formation of independent oxide phases in the nanoparticle’s composition. The tin ferrite oxide spinel sample SFO4 showed a value of 2.53 eV. From the UV–Vis analysis, the values of refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), dielectric constant (\(\epsilon\)), Urbach energy (Eu) and reflection coefficient were studied. The results of the FTIR analysis in the fingerprint region confirm the vibrations caused by the presence of Sn–O and Fe–O metal oxides. The presence of metal oxide bonds indicates the formation of tin ferrite structure.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-024-06873-y/MediaObjects/11082_2024_6873_Fig11_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Ahmed, N., et al.: Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of pure and Ni−Fe-Codoped zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by a Sol−Gel autocombustion method. ACS Omega (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c01727
Ali, A., et al.: Synthesis and characterizations of (Ba1–x Cax ) Ti4O9, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.9 ceramics. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 11, 1828–1833 (2021)
Alotaibi, N.H., et al.: Rational development of PPy/CuWO4 nanostructure as competent electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 59, 1326–1334 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.125
Baruah, P.K., Mukherjee, N., Bhagat, B., Mukherjee, K.: Wet chemical synthesis of cubic spinel ferrites: a review addressing phase formation behavior and nanostructuring. Cryst. Growth Des. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01039
Chand, P., Vaish, S., Kumar, P.: Structural, optical and dielectric properties of transition metal ( MFe2O4; M = Co, Ni and Zn ) nanoferrites. Phys. B Phys. Condens. Matter 524(July), 53–63 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2017.08.060
Dojcinovic, M.P., et al.: Mixed Mg–Co spinel ferrites: structure, morphology, magnetic and photocatalytic properties. J. Alloys Compd. 855, 157429 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157429
Hasan, B.A., Shallal, I.H.: Structural and optical properties of SnS thin films. J. Nano. Adv. Mat. 49(2), 43–49 (2014)
Hasnain, M., Muhammad, J., Mohd, R., Bin, A.: Effect of external static pressure on structural, electronic, and optical properties of 2-D hetero—junction—MoS2 for a photocatalytic applications: A DFT study. Opt. Quantum Electron. 55(7), 1–14 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04853-2
Hasnain, M., et al.: A comparative DFT study of bandgap engineering and tuning of structural, electronic, and optical Properties of 2D–WS 2, for photocatalytic and solar cell applications. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 34, 322–335 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02828-0
Jameel, M.H., et al.: A comparative study on characterizations and synthesis of pure lead sulfide (PbS) and Ag—doped PbS for photovoltaic applications. Nanotechnol. Rev. 10(1), 1484–1492 (2021)
Jameel, M.H., et al.: Investigation of structural, electronic and optical properties of two-dimensional for photocatalytic application : a density functional theory study. R. Soc. Open Sci. 10(7), 230503 (2023)
Kurian, M., Thankachan, S.: Structural diversity and applications of spinel ferrite core—Shell nanostructures: a review. Open Ceram. 8, 100179 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2021.100179
Lamichhane, A.: Energy-gap-refractive index relations in semiconductors—Using Wemple—DiDomenico model to unify moss, Ravindra, and Herve—Vandamme relationships. Solids 4, 316–326 (2023)
Lassoued, A., Li, J.F.: Magnetic and photocatalytic properties of Ni–Co ferrites. Solid State Sci. 104, 106199 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2020.106199
Lemziouka, H., et al.: Synthesis, structural, optical and dispersion parameters of La-doped spinel. Vacuum 182(September), 109780 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109780
Manh, D.H., Thanh, T.D., Phan, T.L., Yang, D.S.: electronic structures, and magnetic properties. RSC Adv. 13, 8163–8172 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00525a
Muneer, I., Akhyar, M.: In fluence of annealing temperature on the physical and photoelectric properties of Gd/Fe1.727 Sn0.205 3 nanoparticles for solid oxides fuel cell application. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-019-05168-z
Narayanan, V., Mandal, B.K.: Photocatalytic e ffi ciency towards 4-nitrophenol. RSC Adv. 13, 22616–22629 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra03647b
Nazir, S., et al.: “Modification of physicochemical and electrical characteristics of lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles (NPs) by manganese (Mn) do** for electronic device and applications. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 108(3), 778–790 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06176-w
Pacakova, B., Kubickova, S., Reznickova, A., Niiòanský, D., Vejpravova, J.: Spinel ferrite nanoparticles: correlation of structure and magnetism. InTech, London (2017). https://doi.org/10.5772/66074
Rohith, A., et al.: Synthesis and characterization of tin ferrite nano structures using hydrothermal method. Int. J Res. Publ. Rev. 4(4), 322–325 (2023)
Saleem, S., et al.: Modification in structural, optical, morphological, and electrical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) by metal (Ni, Co) dopants for electronic device applications. Arab. J. Chem. 15(1), 103518 (2022)
Saleem, S., et al.: Structural, optical, and electrical properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for use in electrical devices. Materials 15(10), 3502 (2022)
Saleem, S., et al.: Analysis and characterization of opto-electronic properties of iron oxide (Fe2O3) with transition metals (Co, Ni) for the use in the photodetector application. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 25(2023), 6150–6166 (2023)
Saleem, S., et al.: A band gap engineering for the modi fi cation in electrical properties of Fe3O4 by Cu 2 + do** for electronic and optoelectronic devices applications. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 109(2), 471–482 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06287-4
Sedaghati-Jamalabad, G., Bagheri-Mohagheghi, M.M.: Dysprosium stannate (Dy2Sn2O7)-nanostructured thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique: effect of dysprosium and annealing on the physical properties. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 32(8), 10611–10622 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05717-9
Wang, C., Liu, M., Thijs, M., Ooms, F.G.B., Ganapathy, S., Wagemaker, M.: High dielectric barium titanate porous scaffold for efficient Li metal cycling in anode-free cells. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 6536 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26859-8
Zhou, F., Sun, Y., Liu, S., Nan, J.: Synthesis of SnFe2O4 as a novel anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Solid State Ionics 296, 163–167 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2016.09.019
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by GS-J and MMB-M. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GS-J and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sedaghati-Jamalabad, G., Bagheri-Mohagheghi, M.M. A study on the structural and optical properties of the SnFe2O4 spinel compound as anode electrode in Li ion-battery: the optical and dielectric parameters via synthesis methods. Opt Quant Electron 56, 965 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06873-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06873-y