Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained a lot of attention due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), low-cost materials, and simple manufacturing process. These cells can be improved further by using photonic crystals (PCs) which can increase light absorption. A PC-based perovskite solar cell was designed and simulated in this study using FDTD and CHARGE solvers of the Lumerical software, and its components showed better values compared to other solar cell structures. The study investigated the effect of a two-dimensional PC structure on the solar cell’s light absorption. The materials used as photonic crystals were perovskite/rutile TiO2 and perovskite/InAs, and various radii and lattice constants were examined. A comparison between each type of PC with the flat structure was conducted. The simulation results indicate that the most efficient structure was found to be the perovskite/InAs structure with a radius of 40 nm and a lattice constant of 200 nm, resulting in an improvement in the performance of the perovskite solar cell. The flat solar cell structure exhibited a short-circuit current of 24.01 mA/cm2 and an efficiency of 17.34%. However, by adding a rutile TiO2 photonic crystal structure, the short circuit current and efficiency increased to 27.12 mA/cm2 and 19.94%, respectively. The efficiency and short circuit current could be further improved by adding an InAs photonic crystal structure, resulting in values of 20.97% and 28.03 mA/cm2, respectively. The improved performance of PC-based perovskite solar cells compared to PSC was due to the slow photon effect that occurred around the photonic bandgap, causing light to be trapped, and resulting in more electron-hole pairs being produced. In summary, this study demonstrates the potential to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells by utilizing photonic crystals.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.
References
Ahmad, W., et al.: Thin-film carbon nitride (C2N)-based solar cell optimization considering Zn1 – xMgxO as a buffer layer. Processes. 11(1), 91 (2022)
Anderson, C.M., Giapis, K.P.: Larger two-dimensional photonic band gaps. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(14), 2949 (1996)
Arisman, C.: Nitric Oxide Chemistry and Velocity slip Effects in Hypersonic Boundary Layers. University of Calgary (2014)
Asadzade, A., Miandoab, S.A.: Design and simulation of 3D perovskite solar cells based on titanium dioxide nanowires to achieve high-efficiency. Sol. Energy. 228, 550–561 (2021)
Bao, Y., Wang, D., Hui, W., Gu, L., Chao, L., Song, L.: Honeycomb-type TiO2 films toward a high tolerance to Optical paths for Perovskite Solar cells. ChemSusChem. 16(2), e202201749 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202201749
Choi, D.H., Nam, S.K., Jung, K., Moon, J.H.: 2D photonic crystal nanodisk array as electron transport layer for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy. 56, 365–372 (2019)
Daem, N., et al.: Inverse Opal Photonic nanostructures for enhanced light harvesting in CH3NH3PbI3Perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5(9), 13583–13593 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c03274
Farid, Y., Khan, A.D., Farooq, W., Khan, M., Khan, A.D., Modeling and Analysis of Novel Tandem Solar Cells, in: International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), IEEE, 2019, pp. 1–6. (2019)
Farooq, W., Alzahrani, A., Ghoneim, S.S.M.: Computational optimization and optical analysis of thin-film organic solar cells for high efficiency. J. Comput. Electron. 22(3), 867–873 (2023)
Ghahremanirad, E., Olyaee, S., Abdollahi Nejand, A., Nazari, P., Ahmadi, V., Abedi, K.: Improving the performance of perovskite solar cells using kesterite mesostructure and plasmonic network. Sol. Energy. 169, 498–504 (2018a)
Ghahremanirad, E., Olyaee, S., Abdollahi.Nejand, A., Ahmadi, V., Abedi, K.: Hexagonal array of mesoscopic HTM based perovskite solar cell with embedded plasmonic nanoparticles. Phys. Status Solidi B. 255, 1–8 (2018b)
Ghahremanirad, E., Olyaee, S., Hedayati, M.: The influence of embedded plasmonic nanostructures on optical absorption of perovskite solar cells. Photonics. 6, 1–8 (2019)
Gobeli, G.W., Allen, F.G.: Photoelectric properties of cleaved GaAs, GaSb, InAs, and InSb surfaces; comparison with Si and Ge. Phys. Rev. 137(1), A245 (1965)
Golabi, P., et al.: Efficient colorful perovskite solar cells designed by 2D and 3D ordered titania inverse opals. J. Power Sources. 512, 230488 (2021)
Gupta, N.D.: Absorption enhancement in hole interface layer free perovskite solar cells using periodic photonic nanostructures. Opt. Laser Technol. 115, 20–31 (2019)
Hajjiah, A., Badran, H., Kandas, I., Shehata, N.: Perovskite solar cell with added gold/silver nanoparticles: Enhanced optical and electrical characteristics. Energies. 13(15), 3854 (2020)
Hajjiah, A., Badran, H., Shehata, N., Omran, M., Kandas, I.: The Effect of different AR nanostructures on the Optical performance of Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Semiconductor Solar Cell. Plasmonics. 17(2), 581–595 (2022)
Hasanah, L., et al.: Dimensional optimization of tio2 nanodisk photonic crystals on lead iodide (Mapbi3) perovskite solar cells by using fdtd simulations. Appl. Sci. 12(1), 351 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010351
Hatamvand, M., et al.: The role of different dopants of Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport material on the stability of perovskite solar cells: A mini review. Vacuum, 112076 (2023)
Jarin, S., et al.: Predicting the crystal structure and lattice parameters of the perovskite materials via different machine learning models based on basic atom properties. Crystals. 12(11), 1570 (2022)
Jeon, N.J., et al.: Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells. Nature. 517(7535), 476–480 (2015)
Khan, J., et al.: Multi-dimensional anatase TiO2 materials: Synthesis and their application as efficient charge transporter in perovskite solar cells. Sol. Energy. 184, 323–330 (2019)
Kim, D.I., et al.: Enhancing the optical properties using hemisphere TiO2 photonic crystal as the electron acceptor for perovskite solar cell. Appl. Surf. Sci. 487, 409–415 (2019)
Kim, J.Y., Lee, J.-W., Jung, H.S., Shin, H., Park, N.-G.: High-efficiency perovskite solar cells. Chem. Rev. 120(15), 7867–7918 (2020)
Kojima, A., Teshima, K., Shirai, Y., Miyasaka, T.: Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(17), 6050–6051 (2009)
Lee, J.-W., Lee, T.-Y., Yoo, P.J., Grätzel, M., Mhaisalkar, S., Park, N.-G.: Rutile TiO 2-based perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2(24), 9251–9259 (2014)
Li, Z., Zhou, F., Wang, Q., Ding, L., **, Z.: Approaches for thermodynamically stabilized CsPbI3 solar cells. Nano Energy. 71, 104634 (2020)
Li, P., Jiang, X., Huang, S., Liu, Y., Fu, N.: Plasmonic perovskite solar cells: An overview from metal particle structure to device design. Surf. Interfaces. 25, 101287 (2021)
Lie, S., Bruno, A., Wong, L.H., Etgar, L.: Semitransparent perovskite solar cells with > 13% efficiency and 27% transperancy using plasmonic au nanorods. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 14(9), 11339–11349 (2022)
Liu, M., Johnston, M.B., Snaith, H.J.: Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature. 501(7467), 395–398 (2013)
Liu, J., Yao, M., Shen, L.: Third generation photovoltaic cells based on photonic crystals. J. Mater. Chem. C. 7(11), 3121–3145 (2019a)
Liu, W., Ma, H., Walsh, A.: Advance in photonic crystal solar cells. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 116, 109436 (2019b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109436
Liu, Z., et al.: Improving efficiency and stability of colorful perovskite solar cells with two-dimensional photonic crystals. Nanoscale. 12, 8425–8431 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr00459f
Lobet, M., et al.: Efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cells based on opal-like photonic crystals. Opt. Express. 27(22), 32308–32322 (2019)
Lobet, M., et al.: Opal-Like photonic structuring of perovskite solar cells using a genetic algorithm approach. Appl. Sci. 10(5), 1783 (2020)
Madanu, T.L., Mouchet, S.R., Deparis, O., Liu, J., Li, Y., Su, B.-L.: Tuning and transferring slow photons from TiO2 photonic crystals to BiVO4 nanoparticles for unprecedented visible light photocatalysis. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 634, 290–299 (2023)
Mangrulkar, M., Stevenson, K.J.: The progress of additive engineering for CH3NH3PbI3 photo-active layer in the context of perovskite solar cells. Crystals. 11(7), 814 (2021)
Osterwald, C.R., McMahon, T.J.: History of accelerated and qualification testing of terrestrial photovoltaic modules: A literature review. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 17(1), 11–33 (2009)
Pandey, M., et al.: Deposition of Reduced Graphene Oxide Thin Film by Spray Pyrolysis Method for Perovskite Solar Cell, ar**v Prepr. ar**v2212.01066, (2022)
Qiu, L., He, S., Ono, L.K., Qi, Y.: Progress of surface science studies on ABX3-based metal halide perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(13), 1902726 (2020)
Shelby, R.A., Smith, D.R., Schultz, S.: Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction. Sci. (80-). 292(5514), 77–79 (2001)
Sun, X., et al.: Fabrication of opaque aluminum electrode-based perovskite solar cells enabled by the interface optimization. Org. Electron. 104, 106475 (2022)
Tabrizi, A.A., Saghaei, H., Mehranpour, M.A., Jahangiri, M.: Enhancement of absorption and effectiveness of a perovskite thin-film solar cell embedded with gold nanospheres. Plasmonics. 16, 747–760 (2021)
Tang, Y., et al.: FAPbI3 Perovskite Solar cells: From Film morphology regulation to device optimization. Sol. RRL. 6(6), 2200120 (2022)
Tao, M.: Physics of solar cells. Wiley-Vch. no. 9781447156420 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5643-7_3
Wang, Z.-S., Kawauchi, H., Kashima, T., Arakawa, H.: Significant influence of TiO2 photoelectrode morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitized solar cell. Coord. Chem. Rev. 248, 13–14 (2004)
Wang, Y., Wan, J., Ding, J., Hu, J., Wang, D.: A rutile TiO2 electron transport layer for the enhancement of charge collection for efficient perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 58(28), 9414–9418 (2019)
Wang, Z.-W., Wan, B.-F., Wang, Q.-Y., Zhang, H.-F.: Study on the PBGs of a two-dimensional photonic crystal with multilayer rings composite structure and its slow light in W1 waveguide. Phys. Scr. 96(12), 125501 (2021)
**e, K., Guo, M., Huang, H.: Photonic crystals for sensitized solar cells: Fabrication, properties, and applications. J. Mater. Chem. C. 3(41), 10665–10686 (2015)
Yoo, J.J., et al.: Efficient perovskite solar cells via improved carrier management. Nature. 590(7847), 587–593 (2021)
Zhang, X., et al.: Amorphous TiO2 film with fiber like structure: An ideal candidate for ETL of perovskite solar cells. Mater. Lett. 324, 132684 (2022)
Zhou, H., et al.: Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Sci. (80-). 345(6196), 542–546 (2014)
Zou, J., Liu, M., Tan, S., Bi, Z., Wan, Y., Guo, X.: Rational design and simulation of two-dimensional perovskite photonic crystal absorption layers enabling improved light absorption efficiency for solar cells. Energies. 14(9), 2460 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092460
Acknowledgements
This research has been done in Nano-photonics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratory (NORLab).
Funding
This work was supported by the Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University under grant number 4976.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
N. F.: designed and performed simulations and analyzed data, M. S. and F. P.: reviewed and edited, S. O.: supervised, verified, edited, and prepared the final draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Fatehi, N., Olyaee, S., Seifouri, M. et al. Design of a high-efficiency perovskite solar cell based on photonic crystal in the absorption layer. Opt Quant Electron 56, 386 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-06116-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-06116-6