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Climate change induced Melamchi extreme flood and environment implication in central Himalaya of Nepal

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Abstract

Flood occurred in the Melamchi River on June 15 and recurred on July 31, 2021 have led notorious impacts in Nepal. This study has investigated these extreme flood events and their nexus with climate i.e. precipitation and temperature. The available daily and hourly hydro-meteorological data were analyzed. The regional flow during both flood events were estimated using 1-D hydraulic HEC-HMS model and the correlation among rainfall -runoff, temperature with snow water equivalent were examined. Result show that the Melamchi region found an average annual rainfall of 2610 mm during 1992–2021. Specifically, the middle section i.e. Shermathang and Tarkeghang has observed the highest daily average rainfall of 26.8 mm and 39.2 mm during the first and 61.4 mm and 66.6 mm during the second flood event, respectively. The discharge found at the Melamchi town segment was at 2893 m3/s and 1105 m3/s in the first and second events respectively in which regional contribution into discharge were found significant. The Bhemathang, which is landslide damming area where The daily average discharge observed 357 m3/s and 76 m3/s on both events, respectively. At the Nakote, the rainfall and runoff are poorly correlated while snow water equivalent and temperature showed positive correlation during summer. The snowmelt contribution to discharge was found 9.68 m3/s in the Melamchi River during the Summer season. The regional contribution to discharge and spatial variations of precipitation during flooding events showed that precipitation is the main climatic driver while temporary damming and increasing temperature also contributes to the magnitude of the Melamchi flood.

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Acknowledgements

This study and the first author have supported by President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) program of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) international talent (Grant No. 2023VCC0001) and Collaborative Research Program of the Alliance of International Science Organization (ANSO) (Grant No.ANSO-CR-KP-2021-09). The authors would like to express their gratitude to Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority (NDRRMA), Government of Nepal for their data provision. The authors are also grateful to the Institute of Science and Technology (IoST), Tribhuvan University (TU), Nepal.

Funding

There was no funding support for this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei**g, China

    Binod Baniya, Qiuhong Tang, Gang Zhao, Gebremedhin Gebremeskel Haile & Li He

  2. Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal

    Binod Baniya

  3. Central Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Tirtha Raj Adhikari & Madan Sigdel

  4. Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Wesleyan University, Middle Town, CT, USA

    Gebremedhin Gebremeskel Haile

Authors
  1. Binod Baniya
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  2. Qiuhong Tang
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  3. Tirtha Raj Adhikari
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  4. Gang Zhao
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  5. Gebremedhin Gebremeskel Haile
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  6. Madan Sigdel
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  7. Li He
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Contributions

Baniya Binod: Conceptualization, research design, data analysis, writing original draft, review and editing. Tang Qiuhong: Conceptualization, research supports, data analysis, review and editing. Adhikari Tirtha: data analysis, review and editing. Zhao Gang: review and editing. Gebremedhin Gebremeskel Haile: review and editing. Li He: data analysis, review and editing. Sigdel Madan: data analysis, review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Binod Baniya.

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Baniya, B., Tang, Q., Adhikari, T.R. et al. Climate change induced Melamchi extreme flood and environment implication in central Himalaya of Nepal. Nat Hazards (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06645-7

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