Abstract
Large-scale loss of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaraş and its districts, which are the city center where the epicenters of the earthquake couples that occurred on February 6, 2023, in Türkiye. Major damage has occurred in different structural systems due to the earthquake. In addition, fault traces that are the source of the earthquake were clearly observed on the ground surface. In this study, the effects of both earthquakes on soil, reinforced concrete, masonry, prefabricated, and other structural systems were evaluated observationally in Kahramanmaraş and its districts. Comparisons were made on the last two earthquake maps used in Türkiye for the locations of strong ground motion measuring devices in Kahramanmaraş. The masonry structures, which are common in rural areas in the epicenter, have been heavily damaged because they have not received engineering service. However, it is seen that the concrete buildings have insufficient strength and ductility. A similar situation is also present in industrial precast structures, and it has been observed that the damaged and collapsed in these structures are manufactured without complying with the type connection details given for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in the codes. It has also been observed that the soil-structure interaction is the most determining parameter in the structure’s performance in these earthquake couples. Especially in weak soils, the damage to the structures has been quite heavy. The field data obtained from the earthquakes showed that some of the conditions of the current earthquake code should be discussed again.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig8_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig9_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig10_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig11_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig12_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig13_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig16_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig17_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig18_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig19_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig20_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig21_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig22_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig23_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig24_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig25_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig26_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig27_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig28_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig29_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig30_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig31_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig32_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig33_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig34_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig35_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig36_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-023-06314-1/MediaObjects/11069_2023_6314_Fig37_HTML.jpg)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adalier K, Aydingun O (2001) Structural engineering aspects of the June 27, 1998 Adana-Ceyhan (Turkey) earthquake. Eng Struct 23(4):343–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(00)00046-8
Ademović N, Kalman Šipoš T, Hadzima-Nyarko M (2020) Rapid assessment of earthquake risk for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bull Earthq Eng 18:1835–1863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00775-1
Ahmad N, Ali Q, Crowley H, Pinho R (2014) Earthquake loss estimation of residential buildings in Pakistan. Nat Hazards 73(3):1889–1955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1174-8
Alkan H, Büyüksaraç A, Bektaş Ö (2023) Investigation of earthquake sequence and stress transfer in the Eastern Anatolia Fault Zone by Coulomb stress analysis. Turk J Earth Sci (in press)
Alkan H, Büyüksaraç A, Bektaş Ö, Işık E (2021) Coulomb stress change before and after 24.01.2020 Sivrice (Elazığ) Earthquake (Mw= 6.8) on the East Anatolian Fault Zone. Arab J Geosci 14(23):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09080-1
Arslan MH, Korkmaz HH (2007) What is to be learned from damage and failure of reinforced concrete structures during recent earthquakes in Turkey? Eng Fail Anal 14(1):1–22
Arslan MH, Korkmaz HH, Gulay FG (2006) Damage and failure pattern of prefabricated structures after major earthquakes in Turkey and shortfalls of the Turkish Earthquake code. Eng Fail Anal 13(4):537–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2005.02.006
Bakır BS, Yılmaz MT, Yakut A, Gülkan P (2005) Re-examination of damage distribution in Adapazarı: geotechnical considerations. Eng Struct 27(7):1002–1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.02.002
Bayraktar A, Altunişik AC, Pehlivan M (2013) Performance and damages of reinforced concrete buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011 Van, Turkey, earthquakes. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 53:49–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.06.004
Bayraktar A, Altunışık AC, Muvafık M (2016) Field investigation of the performance of masonry buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011, Van Earthquakes in Turkey. J Perform Constr Facil 30(2):04014209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000383
Bilgin H, Shkodrani N, Hysenlliu M, Ozmen HB, Isik E, Harirchian E (2022) Damage and performance evaluation of masonry buildings constructed in 1970s during the 2019 Albania earthquakes. Eng Fail Anal 131:105824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105824
Bruneau M (2002) Building damage from the Marmara, Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999. J Seismolog 6:357–377. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020035425531
Bülbül MA, Harirchian E, Işık MF, Aghakouchaki Hosseini SE, Işık E (2022) A hybrid ANN-GA model for an automated rapid vulnerability assessment of existing RC buildings. Appl Sci 12(10):5138. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105138
Çelebi E, Aktas M, Çağlar N, Özocak A, Kutanis M, Mert N, Özcan Z (2013) October 23, 2011 Turkey/Van–Ercis earthquake: structural damages in the residential buildings. Nat Hazards 65:2287–2310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0478-9
Celep Z, Erken A, Taskin B, Ilki A (2011) Failures of masonry and concrete buildings during the March 8, 2010 Kovancılar and Palu (Elazığ) earthquakes in Turkey. Eng Fail Anal 18(3):868–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.11.001
Clifton C, Bruneau M, MacRae G, Leon R, Fussell A (2011) Steel structures damage from the Christchurch earthquake series of 2010 and 2011. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng 44(4):297–318. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.297-318
Damcı E, Temur R, Bekdaş G, Sayin B (2015) Damages and causes on the structures during the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. Case Stud Constr Mater 3:112–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.10.001
Dogan G, Ecemis AS, Korkmaz SZ, Arslan MH, Korkmaz HH (2021) Buildings damages after elazığ, Turkey earthquake on january 24, 2020. Nat Hazards 109(1):161–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04831-5
Doğan GG, Yalçıner AC, Yuksel Y, Ulutaş E, Polat O, Güler I, Şahin C, Tarih A, Kânoğlu U (2021) The 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea tsunami: post-event field survey along Turkish coast. Pure Appl Geophys 178(3):785–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02693-3
Doğangün A, Tuluk Öİ, Livaoğlu R, Acar R (2006) Traditional wooden buildings and their damages during earthquakes in Turkey. Eng Fail Anal 13(6):981–996
Evans NL, McGhie C (2011) The performance of lifeline utilities following the 27th February 2010 Maule Earthquake Chile. In: Proceedings of the ninth Pacifc conference on earthquake engineering building an earthquake-resilient society, pp. 14–16
Giovinazzi S, Wilson TM, Davis C, Bristow D, Gallagher M, Schofeld A, Villemure M, Eidinger J, Tang A (2011) Lifelines performance and management following the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake New Zealand: highlights of resilience. Bull New Zealand Soc Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.402-417
Goda K, Kiyota T, Pokhrel RM, Chiaro G, Katagiri T, Sharma K, Wilkinson S (2015) The 2015 Gorkha Nepal earthquake: insights from earthquake damage survey. Front Built Environ 1:8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2015.00008
Hadzima-Nyarko M, Mišetić V, Morić D (2017) Seismic vulnerability assessment of an old historical masonry building in Osijek, Croatia, using Damage Index. J Cult Herit 28:140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.05.012
Inel M, Ozmen HB, Bilgin H (2008) Re-evaluation of building damage during recent earthquakes in Turkey. Eng Struct 30(2):412–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.04.012
Inel M, Ozmen HB, Akyol E (2013) Observations on the building damages after 19 May 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 11(1):255–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9414-3
Işık E (2023) Structural failures of adobe buildings during the February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquakes. Appl Sci 13(15):8937. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158937
Işık E, Işık MF, Bülbül MA (2017) Web based evaluation of earthquake damages for reinforced concrete buildings. Earthq Struct 13(4):423–432
Işık E, Avcil F, Büyüksaraç A, İzol R, Arslan MH, Aksoylu C, Harirchian E, Eyisüren O, Arkan E, Güngür MŞ, Günay M, Ulutaş H (2023) Structural damages in masonry buildings in Adıyaman during the Kahramanmaraş (Turkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023. Eng Fail Anal 151:107405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107405
Isik E, Aydin MC, Buyuksarac A (2020) 24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazig) earthquake damages and determination of earthquake parameters in the region. Earthq Struct 19(2):145
Kaltakci MY, Arslan MH, Yilmaz US, Arslan HD (2008) A new approach on the strengthening of primary school buildings in Turkey: an application of external shear wall. Build Environ 43(6):983–990
Kam WY, Pampanin S, Elwood K (2011) Seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings in the 22 February Christchurch (Lyttleton) earthquake. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.239-278
Kaplan H, Yilmaz S, Binici H, Yazar E, Çetinkaya N (2004) May 1, 2003 Turkey—Bingöl earthquake: damage in reinforced concrete structures. Eng Fail Anal 11(3):279–291
Ko YY, Tsai CC, Hwang JH, Hwang YW, Ge L, Chu MC (2023) Failure of engineering structures and associated geotechnical problems during the 2022 ML 68 Chihshang earthquake, Taiwan. Nat Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05993-0
Koç V (2016) Deprem sonrası ağır hasarlı bina hasarlarının sınıflandırılması, (Classification of heavy damaged building damages after earthquake). Artvin Çoruh Univ Nat Disast Appl Res Center J Nat Hazards Environ Turkish 2(1):46–65
Kocaman İ (2023) The effect of the Kahramanmaras earthquakes (Mw =7.7 and Mw =7.6) on historical masonry mosques and minarets. Eng Fail Anal 149:107225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107225
Koçer M, Ünal A (2023) RC structural damages observed after October 30, 2020, Seferihisar—İZMİR earthquake and analytical evaluation of existing sample RC buildings. Nat Hazards 117(1):237–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05858-6
Korkmaz SZ (2015) Observations on the Van earthquake and structural failures. J Perform Constr Facil 29(1):04014033. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000456
KTU (2023) 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık Mw=7.7 ve Elbistan Mw=7.6 Depremleri ve Artçılarını, Saha Gözlemlerini, Yapısal Hasarları ve İleriye Yönelik Önerileri İçeren Değerlendirme Raporu
Kumar A, Hughes PN, Sarhosis V, Toll D, Wilkinson S, Coningham R, Maskey PN (2020) Experimental, numerical and field study investigating a heritage structure collapse after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Nat Hazards 101:231–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03871-7
Lagomarsino S (2012) Damage assessment of churches after L’Aquila earthquake (2009). Bull Earthq Eng 2009(10):73–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9307-x
Langenbach R (2008) Resisting earth’s forces: typologies of timber buildings in history. Struct Eng Int 18(2):137–140. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686608784218806
Lemnitzer A, Arduino P, Dafni J, Franke KW, Martinez A, Mayoral J, El Mohtar C, Pehlivan M, Yashinsky M (2021) The September 19, 2017 MW 7.1 CENTRAL-Mexico earthquake: immediate observations on selected infrastructure systems. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 141:106430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106430
Mahin SA (1998) Lessons from damage to steel buildings during the Northridge earthquake. Eng Struct 20(4–6):261–270
ODTÜ-DMAM (2023) 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık Mw=7.7 ve Elbistan Mw=7.6 Depremleri Ön Değerlendirme Raporu, Deprem Mühendisliği Araştırma Merkezi.
Oyguc R, Oyguc E (2017) 2011 Van earthquakes: lessons from damaged masonry structures. J Perform Constr Facil 31(5):04017062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001057
Ozmen HB, Inel M, Akyol E, Cayci BT, Un H (2014) Evaluations on the relation of RC building damages with structural parameters after May 19, 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake. Nat Hazards 71:63–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0900-y
Ozturk M (2015) Field reconnaissance of the October 23, 2011, Van, Turkey, earthquake: lessons from structural damages. ASCE J Perform Constr Facil 29(5):04014125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000532
Ozturk M, Arslan MH, Korkmaz HH (2023a) Effect on rc buildings of 6 February 2023 Turkey earthquake doublets and new doctrines for seismic design. Eng Fail Anal 153:107521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107521
Ozturk M, Arslan MH, Dogan G, Ecemis AS, Arslan HD (2023b) School buildings performance in 7.7 Mw and 7.6 Mw catastrophic earthquakes in southeast of Turkey. J Build Eng 79:107810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107810
Saatcioglu M, Bruneau M (1993) Performance of structures during the 1992 Erzincan earthquake. Can J Civ Eng 20(2):305–325. https://doi.org/10.1139/l93-035
Saatcioglu M, Mitchell D, Tinawi R, Gardner NJ, Gillies AG, Ghobarah A, Lau D (2001) The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake damage to structures. Can J Civ Eng 28(4):715–737
Sathurshan M, Saja A, Thamboo J, Haraguchi M, Navaratnam S (2022) Resilience of critical infrastructure systems: a systematic literature review of measurement frameworks. Infrastructures 7(5):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7050067
Sayın E, Yon B, Onat O, Gör M, Öncü ME, Tunç ET, Bakır D, Karaton M, Calayır Y (2021) 24 January 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ Turkey earthquake: geotechnical evaluation and performance of structures. Bull Earthquake Eng 19:657–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-01018-4
Senel SM, Kayhan AH (2010) Fragility based damage assesment in existing precast industrial buildings: a case study for Turkey. Struct Eng Mech 11(1):39
Sezen H, Whittaker AS (2006) Seismic performance of industrial facilities affected by the 1999 Turkey earthquake. J Perform Constr Facil 20(1):28–36
Sezen H, Whittaker AS, Elwood KJ, Mosalam KM (2003) Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practise in Turkey. Eng Struct 25(1):103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00121-9
TC SBB, 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu (2023), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf (date of access: 06 Haziran 2023)
Temür R, Damcı E, Öncü-Davas S, Öser C, Sarğın S, Şekerci Ç (2021) Structural and geotechnical investigations on Sivrice earthquake (M w= 6.8), January 24, 2020. Nat Hazards 106(1):401–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04468-w
Todd DR, Carino NJ, Chung RM, Lew HS, Taylor AW, Walton WD (1994) 1994 Northridge earthquake: performance of structures, lifelines and fre protection systems
Uckan E, Akbas B, Shen J, Wen R, Turandar K, Erdik M (2015) Seismic performance of elevated steel silos during Van earthquake, October 23, 2011. Nat Hazards 75:265–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1319-9
**ong F, **e L, Ge Q, Pan Y, Cheung M (2015) Reconnaissance report on buildings damaged during the Lushan earthquake, April 20, 2013. Nat Hazards 76:635–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1511-y
Yakut A, Gülkan P, Bakır BS, Yılmaz MT (2005) Re-examination of damage distribution in Adapazarı: structural considerations. Eng Struct 27(7):990–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.02.001
Yu H, Chen J, Bobet A, Yuan Y (2016) Damage observation and assessment of the Longxi tunnel during the Wenchuan earthquake. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 54:102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.02.008
Zhang M, ** Y (2008) Building damage in Dujiangyan during Wenchuan earthquake. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 7(3):263
Zhao B, Taucer F, Rossetto T (2009) Field investigation on the performance of building structures during the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Eng Struct 31(8):1707–1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.039
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
“The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.”
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Avcil, F., Işık, E., İzol, R. et al. Effects of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake on structures in Kahramanmaraş city. Nat Hazards 120, 2953–2991 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06314-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06314-1