Abstract
The glacier-covered Nevado del Tolima in the Colombian Cordillera Central is an active volcano with potential lahars that might be more hazardous than those on Nevado del Ruiz. Furthermore, rainfall-triggered floods and landslides notoriously and severely affect the region. For effective disaster prevention, a risk analysis is of primary importance. We present here a risk analysis methodology that is based on the assessment of lahar and rainfall-related flood hazard scenarios and different aspects of vulnerability. The methodology is applied for populated centres in the Combeima valley and the regional capital Ibagué (~500,000 inhabitants). Lahar scenarios of 0.5, 1, 5, and 15 million m3 volume are based on melting of 1, 2, 10, and 25 % of ice, firn and snow, respectively, due to volcanic activity and subsequent lahar formation. For flood modelling, design floods with a return period of 10 and 100 years were calculated. Vulnerability is assessed considering physical vulnerability, operationalized by market values of dwelling parcels and population density, whereas social vulnerability is expressed by the age structure of the population and poverty. Standardization of hazard and vulnerability allows for the integration into a risk equation, resulting in five-level risk maps, with additional quantitative estimate of damage. The probability of occurrence of lahars is low, but impacts would be disastrous, with about 20,000 people and more directly exposed to it. Floods are much more recurrent, but affected areas are generally smaller. High-risk zones in Ibagué are found in urban areas close to the main river with high social vulnerability. The methodology has proven to be a suitable tool to provide a first overview of spatial distribution of risk which is considered by local and regional authorities for disaster risk reduction. The harmonization of technical-engineering risk analysis and approaches from social sciences into common reference concepts should be further developed.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the following persons for discussions or other support: Miguel Barrios, Enrique A. Castellanos Abella, Alfonso David Duran, Juan Carlos Delgado, Wilfried Haeberli, Julia Olaya, Bernardo Pulgarín, Wolfgang Ruf, Konrad Schürmann, Demian Schneider, Jean-Claude Thouret, and Massimiliano Zappa. We furthermore highly appreciate the support of the following institutions: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Colombian Geology and Mining Institute (INGEOMINAS), Colombian National Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM), the Regional (Tolima) and Local (Ibagué) Disaster Preventions Agencies (CREPAD and CLOPAD), the Tolima Regional Corporation (CORTOLIMA), the Red Cross in Ibagué, the Civil Defence, and finally the OASIS programme of SPOT Image. Very careful and detailed comments and suggestions by two reviewers furthermore substantially improved the manuscript.
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Künzler, M., Huggel, C. & Ramírez, J.M. A risk analysis for floods and lahars: case study in the Cordillera Central of Colombia. Nat Hazards 64, 767–796 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0271-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0271-9