Abstract
Calcareous sands typically have wider ring grain shapes, significant intragranular porosity, complex structure, and lower grain hardness, which pose a risk when used as the foundation, breakwaters, and backfill material in construction. Hence, the calcareous sand was subjected to multiple triaxial shear tests under different confining pressures. Firstly, the triaxial test is conducted under confining pressure of 100–1200 kPa to investigate the effect of confining pressure on the shear characteristics. It noted that more contraction with confining pressure increases caused by the easy breakage of particles under a high confining pressure. Then, the grain size distribution test is conducted to characterize the particle breakage with the results of grain size distribution curves and relative particle breakage index. A linear relationship is established between relative particle breakage index and confining pressure. Secondly, the results of triaxial test are analyzed to investigate the mechanical behavior, volumetric behavior, and strength parameters. The dilative volume or pore water pressure changes are most pronounced at low confining pressure and high-stress levels approaching failure. In addition, an equation is defined to describe tangential stiffness modulus evolution. The effect of confining pressure was converted to relative particle breakage index to illustrate the tangential stiffness modulus evolution better.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajorloo AM, Mroueh H, Lancelot L (2011) Experimental investigation of cement treated sand behavior under triaxial test. Geotech Geol Eng 30(1):129–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9455-4
Brandes HG (2011) Simple shear behavior of calcareous and quartz sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 29:113–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-010-9357-x
Bolton MD, Nakata Y, Cheng YP (2008) Micro- and macro-mechanical behaviour of DEM crushable materials. Géotechnique 58(6):471–480. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.6.471
Cheng QQ, **ao HW, Liu Y, Wang W, Jia L (2019) Primary yielding locus of cement-stabilized marine clay and its applications. Marine Georesources Geotechnol 37(4):488–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2017.1422162
Coop MR, Sorensen KK, Freitas TB, Georgoutsos G (2004) Particle breakage during shearing of a carbonate sand. Géotechnique 54:157–163. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.3.157
Coop MR, Atkinson JH (1994) Discussion: the mechanics of cemented carbonate sands. Géotechnique 43(1):533–537. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1994.44.3.533
Chen QS, Peng W, Tao GL, Nimbalkar S (2021) Strength and deformation characteristics of calcareous sands improved by PFA. KSCE J Civ Eng 25:60–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0458-7
Ding Z, He SH, Sun Y, **a TD, Zhang QF (2021) Comparative study on cyclic behavior of marine calcareous sand and terri-genous siliceous sand for transportation infrastructure applications. Constr Build Mater 283:122740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122740
David WA, John PC, Martin DL (2011) Sydney soil model. II: experimental validation. Int J Geomech 11(3):225–238. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000079
Einav I (2007) Breakage mechanics-Part I: theory. J Mech Phys Solids 55(6):1274–1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2006.11.003
Fan ZH, Hu C, Zhu QL, Jia YG, Zuo DJ, Duan ZB (2021) Three-dimensional pore characteristics and permeability properties of calcareous sand with different particle sizes. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:2659–2670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02078-1
Fu Z, Chen S, Zhong Q, Zhang Y (2019) Modeling interaction between loading-induced and creep strains of rockfill materials using a hardening elastoplastic constitutive model. Can Geotech J 56(10):1380–1394. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0435
Gao Y, Li WL, Shi TG (2021) Particle breakage and micromechanical characteristics of calcareous sand during shearing. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 787:012047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/787/1/012047
Gupta VK (2017) Effect of size distribution of the particulate material on the specific breakage rate of particles in dry ball milling. Powder Technol 305:714–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.10.075
Gu JX, Lyu HB, Yang YJ, Zeng C (2022) Effects of cement content and curing period on geotechnical properties of cement-treated calcareous sands. Transp Geotech 33:100732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100732
Hardin BO (1985) Crushing of soil particles. J Geotech Eng 111(10):1177–1192. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:10(1177)
Hassanlourad M, Salehzadeh H, Shahnazari H (2014) Drained shear strength of carbonate sands based on energy approach. Int J Geotech Eng 8(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1179/1938636213Z.00000000050
Hyodo M, Hyde AFL, Aramaki N, Nakata Y (2002) Undrained monotonic and cyclic shear behaviour of sand under low and high confining stresses. Soils Found 42(3):63–76. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.3_63
He KP, Ye JH (2021) Physical modeling of the dynamics of a revetment breakwater built on reclaimed coral calcareous sand foundation in the South China Sea-tsunami wave. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:3315–3330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02122-8
He SH, Shan HF, **a TD, Liu ZJ, Ding Z, **a F (2021) The effect of temperature on the drained shear behavior of calcareous sand. Acta Geotech 16:613–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-01030-7
Ismail MA, Joer HA, Sim WH, Randolph MF (2002a) Effect of cement type on shear behaviour of cemented calcareous soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 128(6):520–529. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:6(520)
Ismail MA, Joer HA, Randolph MF, Meritt A (2002b) Cementation of porous materials using calcite. Géotechnique 52(5):313–324. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.52.5.313.38709
Kou HL, Diao WZ, Zhang WC, Zheng JB, Ni PP, Jang BA, Wu CZ (2021) Experimental study of interface shearing between calcareous sand and steel plate considering surface roughness and particle size. Appl Ocean Res 107:102490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102490
Kong D, Fonseca J (2018) Quantifcation of the morphology of shelly carbonate sands using 3D images. Géotechnique 8(3):249–261. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.278
Kuang DM, Long ZL, Guo RQ, Zhao T, Wu K (2021) Experimental and numerical study on the fragmentation mechanism of a single calcareous sand particle under normal compression. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:2875–2888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02099-w
Lade PV, Yamamuro JA, Bopp PA (1996) Significance of particle crushing in granular materials. J Geotech Eng 122(4):309–316. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:4(309)
Leleu SL, Valdes JR (2007) Experimental study of the influence of mineral composition on sand crushing. Géotechnique 57(3):313–317. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.3.313
Lade PV, Nam J, Liggio CD Jr (2010) Effects of particle crushing in stress drop-relaxation experiments on crushed coral sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 136(3):500–509. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000212
Li YJ, Guo Z, Wang LZ, Li YL, Liu ZY (2020) Shear resistance of MICP cementing material at the interface between calcareous sand and steel. Mater Lett 274:128009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128009
Lagioia R (1998) Creep and apparent preconsolidation in carbonate soils. Geotech Hard Soils-Soft Rocks 2:615–621
Luo MX, Zhang JR, Liu XX (2021) Dilatancy behaviors and dilatancy equation of calcareous sand considering stress path and particle breakage. Chin J Geotech Eng 43:1453–1462. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE202108010
Norazirah A, Fuad SHS, Hazizan MHM (2016) The effect of size and shape on breakage characteristic of mineral. Procedia Chem 19:702–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.073
Parab ND, Claus B, Hudspeth MC, Black JT, Mondal A, Sun J, Fezzaa K, **ao X, Luo S, Chen W (2014) Experimental assessment of fracture of individual sand particles at different loading rates. Int J Impact Eng 68:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.01.003
Qin Y, Xu DS, Fan XC (2021) Effect of pile inclination on the lateral deformation behaviour of pipe piles in calcareous sand. Mar Georesour Geotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2021.19
Rui SJ, Guo Z, Si TL, Li YJ (2020) Effect of particle shape on the liquefaction resistance of calcareous sands. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 137:106302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106302
Shen JH, Wang X, Cui J, Wang XZ, Zhu CQ (2022) Shear characteristics of calcareous gravelly sand considering particle breakage. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81:130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02603-4
Shen C, Liu S, Wang L, Wang Y (2019) Micromechanical modeling of particle breakage of granular materials in the framework of thermomechanics. Acta Geotech 14(4):939–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0692-z
Shahnazari H, Rezvani R (2013) Effective parameters for the particle breakage of calcareous sands: an experimental study. Eng Geol 159:98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.03.005
Shen Y, Zhu YH, Liu HL, Li A, Ge HY (2018) Macro-meso effects of gradation and particle morphology on the compressibility characteristics of calcareous sand. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77:1047–1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1157-6
Wang G, Ye QG, Zha JJ (2018) Experimental study on mechanical behavior and particle crushing of coral sand-gravel fill. Chin J Geotech Eng 40:802–810. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201805004
Wei H, Zhao T, He J, Meng Q, Wang X (2018) Evolution of particle breakage for calcareous sands during ring shear tests. Int J Geomech 18(2):04017153. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001073
Wang X, Liu JQ, Cui J, Wang XZ, Shen JH, Zhu CQ (2021) Particle breakage characteristics of a foundation filling material on island-reefs in the South China Sea. Constr Build Mater 306:124690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124690
Wu Y, Li N, Wang XZ, Cui J, Chen YL, Wu YH, Yamamoto H (2021) Experimental investigation on mechanical behavior and particle crushing of calcareous sand retrieved from South China Sea. Eng Geol 280:105932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105932
Wu Y, Wang X, Shen JH, Cui J, Zhu CQ, Wang XZ (2020) Experimental study on the impact of water content on the strength parameters of coral gravelly sand. J Mar Sci Eng 8:634. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090634
Wei HZ, Li XX, Zhang SD, Zhao T, Yin M, Meng QS (2021) Influence of particle breakage on drained shear strength of calcareous sands. Int J Geomech 21:04021118. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002078
Wang X, Zhu CQ, Wang XZ, Qin Y (2019) Study of dilatancy behaviors of calcareous soils in a triaxial test. Mar Georesour Geotech 37:1057–1070. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2018.1526236
Wu JP, Chu Y, Lou ZG (1997) Influence of particle breakage on deformation and strength properties of calcareous sands. Chin J Geotech Eng 19:51–57
**ao HW, Lee FH (2014) An energy-based isotropic compression relation for cement-admixed soft clay. Geotechnique 64(5):412–418. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.T.019
**ao Y, Liu HL, Chen QS, Ma QF, **ang YZ, Zheng YR (2017) Particle breakage and deformation of carbonate sands with wide range of densities during compression loading process. Acta Geotech 12:1177–1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0580-y
**ao HW, Lee FH (2017) Engineering properties of marine clay admixed with Portland cement and blended cement with siliceous fly ash. J Mater Civil Eng ASCE 29(10):04017177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002014
**ao YH, Liu X, Ding Y, Chen J, Jiang ZW (2016) Influence of particle breakage on critical state line of rockfill material. Int J Geomech 16(1):04015031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000538
Xu DS, Zhang ZJ, Qin Y, Yang Y (2021) Effect of particle size on the failure behavior of cemented coral sand under impact loading. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 149:106884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106884
Ye JH, Zhang ZH, Shan JP (2019) Statistics-based method for determination of drag coefficient for nonlinear porous flow in calcareous sand soil. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:3663–3670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1330-6
Yan CP, Long ZL, Zhou YC, Kuang DM, Chen JM (2020) Investigation on the effects of confining pressure and particle size of shear characteristics of calcareous sand. Chin Rock Soil Mech 41(2):581–591. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2019.0346
Yu FG (2018) Particle breakage in triaxial shear of a coral sand. Soils Found 58(4):866–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.04.001
Zhang JM, Zhang L, Jiang GS, Wang R (2008) Research on particle crushing of calcareous sands under triaxial shear. Chin Rock Soil Mech 29:2789–2793. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2008.10.047
Zhang JR, Luo MX (2020) Dilatancy and critical state of calcareous sand incorporating particle breakage. Int J Geomech 20:04020030. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001637
Zhang JM (2004) Study on the basic mechanical properties of calcareous sand and the effect of particle. PhD Thesis, Wuhan Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 86, Wuhan
Zhang JM, Jiang GS, Wang R (2009) Research on influences of particle breakage and dilatancy on shear strength of calcareous sands. Chin Rock Soil Mech 30:2043–2048. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2009.07.056
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge gratefully the support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978531), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province, China (No. 2018GXNSFDA281038) and the Science Foundation of the Wenzhou University of Technology (No. ky202212).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
I would like to declare on behalf of co-authors that the work described was original research that has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. All the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed. We have no conflict of interest in discourse for this manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lyu, H., Gu, J., Zhou, J. et al. Mechanical behavior and particle breakage of calcareous sand in triaxial test. Mar Geophys Res 44, 18 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-023-09525-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-023-09525-0