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The investigation of environmental behaviors by energy and exergy analyses using gasoline/ethanol fuel blends

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Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the use of ethanol/gasoline fuel blends in a single-cylinder spark-ignition engine with energy, exergy, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis. Test fuels (G100, E10, E20, E30, E40, E50, and E100) prepared by adding ethanol obtained from agricultural products to gasoline at different ratios were utilized in experimental studies. Thermodynamic analyses were carried out using the performance and emission data obtained from the engine tests. Thermal efficiency and exergy efficiencies were computed with energy and exergy analyses. The highest efficiencies were acquired at 2500 rpm for all fuels. The exergy efficiency of G100, E20 and E40 fuels at this engine speed is 17.13%, 15.81% and 14.62%, respectively. Furthermore, cost of engine shaft work in exergoeconomic analysis and environmental cost of shaft work in exergoenvironmental analysis were found in study. When an engine speed was 2500 rpm in E50 fuel, the cost of shaft work was 74.21 $ MJ−1, and the environmental cost of shaft work was 59.07 $ GJ−1. Moreover, exergoeconomic factor and exergoenvironmental factor values of fuel blends were computed. It was revealed that increased ethanol ratio in fuel blends increased economic and environmental costs. In terms of economy and environment, it can be considered appropriate that the ethanol ratio in fuel blends is between 30 and 40%. If ethanol is used higher than these rates, costs increase and fuels become uneconomical.

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Abbreviations

b :

Specific environmental impact (mPts kJ−1 or mPts MJ−1)

\(\dot{B}\) :

Environmental impact rate of exergy flow (mPts h−1)

c :

Specific cost ($ kJ−1 or $ MJ−1)

\(\dot{C}\) :

Cost rate of exergy flow ($ h−1)

C p :

Specific heat capacity (kJ kg−1 K−1)

E f :

Energy of fuel (kW)

\(\dot{E}x\) :

Exergy rate (kW)

f b :

Exergoenvironmental factor

f c :

Exergoeconomic factor

H u :

Heat value of fuel (kJ kg−1)

H :

Enthalpy (kJ)

\(\dot{m}\) :

Mass flow rate (kg s−1)

N :

Engine speed (rpm)

N :

System lifetime (year)

P :

Pressure (kPa)

P 0 :

Pressure of the environment (kPa)

\(\dot{Q}\) :

Heat transfer rate (kW)

R :

Gas constant (kJ kg−1 K−1)

\(\overline{R}\) :

Universal gas constant (8.314 J mol K−1)

T 0 :

Temperature of the environment (K)

T :

Torque (Nm)

r b :

Relative environmental impact difference

r c :

Relative cost difference

rpm:

Revolutions per minute

S :

Entropy (kJ kg−1 K−1)

S gen :

Entropy produced (kW/K)

y e :

Component mole fraction (%)

\(\dot{W}\) :

Work (kW)

η :

Thermal efficiency

µ :

Gas viscosity

φ :

Fuel exergy factor

ε :

Flow exergy

A:

Air

chem:

Chemical

cw:

Cooling water

dest:

Destruction

ex:

Exhaust

heat:

Heat transfer

in:

Inlet

k:

Kinetic

out:

Outlet

P:

Potential

phy:

Physical

ref:

Reference

S:

Source

W:

Work

0:

Environmental conditions

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

G100:

100% Gasoline

E100:

100% Ethanol

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

E10:

90% Gasoline, 10% ethanol

E20:

80% Gasoline, 20% ethanol

E30:

70% Gasoline, 30% ethanol

E40:

60% Gasoline, 40% ethanol

E50:

50% Gasoline, 50% ethanol

HC:

Unburned hydrocarbon

HCCI:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition

H2O:

Water

LCA:

Life cycle analysis

MON:

Motor octane number

N:

Nitrogen

N2 :

Nitrogen

NOX :

Nitrogen oxide

O2 :

Oxygen

RON:

Research octane number

SAE:

Society of automotive engineers

SO2 :

Sulfur dioxide

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey

    Battal Doğan

  2. Department of Automotive Technology, Kırıkkale Vocational School, Kırıkkale University, 71450, Kırıkkale, Turkey

    Derviş Erol

  3. Department of Automotive Technology, Akhisar Vocational School, Celal Bayar University, 45140, Manisa, Turkey

    Süleyman Üstün

Authors
  1. Battal Doğan
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  2. Derviş Erol
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  3. Süleyman Üstün
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Contributions

BD: Conceptualization, ınvestigation, methodology, validation, data curation, formal analysis, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DE: Investigation, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing. SÜ: Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing—review & editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Derviş Erol.

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Doğan, B., Erol, D. & Üstün, S. The investigation of environmental behaviors by energy and exergy analyses using gasoline/ethanol fuel blends. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 6855–6872 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12186-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12186-1

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