Abstract
Nanocomposites with multifunctional properties are of great interest as they meet the needs of the develo** industrial and engineering fields. The present study focus on the development of multifunctional elastomeric nanocomposites with exfoliated graphite (EG) as the reinforcing content and the speciality material fluoroelastomer as the polymer matrix. Morphological analysis of the nanocomposites in terms of TEM, AFM and SEM were done to look at the polymer-filler interactions which in turn lead to the property enhancement. The dispersion of the EG in the nanoscale which resulted in the property enhancement is clear from the TEM images. Nanocomposites exhibited improved thermal stability and higher mechanical strength by the addition of 12 phr of EG nanofiller. Moreover the dielectric performance of the nanocomposites was also enhanced by the addition of conductive EG nanofiller and the nanocomposites showed higher dielectric constant value and AC conductivity with lower dielectric loss. In addition to this the solvent transport features of the nanocomposites were also analyzed to reveal the reinforcement effect of the nanofiller and the effective polymer-filler interactions.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig5_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig7_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10965-020-2040-x/MediaObjects/10965_2020_2040_Fig13_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mohan VB, Lau K-T, Hui D, Bhattacharyya D (2018) Graphene-based materials and their composites: a review on production, applications and product limitations. Compos Part B 142:200–220
Chung DDL (2016) A review of exfoliated graphite. J Mater Sci 51:554–568
Sengupta R, Bhattacharya M, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhowmick AK (2011) A review on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer composites. Prog Polym Sci 36:638–670
Malas A, Das CK (2017) Influence of modified graphite flakes on the physical, thermo-mechanical and barrier properties of butyl rubber. J Alloys Compd 699:38–46
Malas A, Das CK, Das A, Heinrich G (2012) Development of expanded graphite filled natural rubber vulcanizates in presence and absence of carbon black: mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. Mater Des 39:410–417
Song SH, Jeong HK, Kang YG (2010) Preparation and characterization of exfoliated graphite and its styrene butadiene rubber nanocomposites. J Ind Eng Chem 16:1059–1065
Yang J, Tian M, Jia Q-U, Shi J-H, Zhang L-Q, Lim S-H, Yu Z-Z, Ma Y-W (2007) Improved mechanical and functional properties of elastomer/graphite nanocomposites prepared by latex compounding. Acta Mater 55:6372–6382
Wang L, Zhang L, Tian M (2012) Effect of expanded graphite (EG) dispersion on the mechanical and tribological properties of nitrile rubber/EG composites. Wear 276–277:85–93
Kim S, Seo J, Drzal LT (2010) Improvement of electric conductivity of LLDPE based nanocomposite by paraffin coating on exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets. Compos Part A 41:581–587
Corcione CE, Maffezzoli A (2013) Transport properties of graphite/epoxy composites: thermal, permeability and dielectric characterization. Polym Test 32:880–888
George JJ, Bhowmick AK (2008) Ethylene vinyl acetate/expanded graphite nanocomposites by solution intercalation: preparation, characterization and properties. J Mater Sci 43:702–708
Rodríguez-Beltrán RI, Hernandez M, Paszkiewicz S, Szymczyk A, Rosłaniec Z, Ezquerra TA, Castillejo M, Moreno P, Rebollar E (2018) Laser induced periodic surface structures formation by nanosecond laser irradiation of poly (ethylene terephthalate) reinforced with expanded graphite. Appl Surf Sci 436:1193–1199
Moni G, Anoop P, Thomas J, George SC (2017) Development and performance analysis of Fluoroelastomer-graphite Nanoplatelet Nanocomposites. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 24:194–200
Wu Y, Lin Y, Wei Y, Chen S, Liu S, Liu L (2017) Constructing interconnected graphene network in fluoroelastomer composites by F-H polar interaction for enhanced mechanical and barrier properties. Compos Sci Technol 148:35–42
Wei J, Jacob S, Qiu J (2014) Graphene oxide-integrated high-temperature durable fluoroelastomer for petroleum oil sealing. Compos Sci Technol 92:126–133
Moni G, Mayeen M, Abraham J, Jose T, Maya MG, Bhowmik R, George SC (2018) Flexible FKM/mRGO nanocomposites with excellent thermal, mechanical and electrical properties. Arab J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.03.015
**ng Y, Bai X, Zhang Y (2014) Mechanical, thermal conductive, and dielectric properties of fluoroelastomer/reduced graphene oxide composites in situ prepared by solvent thermal reduction. Polym Compos 35:1779–1785
**ong J, Guo J, Chen X, Gao W (2018) Improving mechanical and electrical properties of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites by incorporation of low content of reduced graphene oxide via fast evaporation mixing. Polym Compos 40:1495–1503
Wei J, Qiu J (2014) Allyl-functionalization enhanced thermally stable graphene/fluoroelastomer nanocomposites. Polymer 55:3818–3824
Moni G, Mayeen A, Mohan A, George JJ, Thomas S, George SC (2018) Ionic liquid functionalised reduced graphene oxide fluoroelastomer nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, dielectric and viscoelastic properties. Eur Polym J 109:277–287
Xu D, Sridhar V, Mahapatra SP, Kim JK (2009) Dielectric properties of exfoliated graphite reinforced flouroelastomer composites. J Appl Polym Sci 111:1358–1368
Sridhar V, Xu D, Pham TT, Mahapatra SP, Kim JK (2009) Dielectric and dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of exfoliated nano graphite reinforced flouroelastomer composites. Polym Compos 30:334–342
Moni G, Abraham J, Kurian C, Joseph A, George SC (2018) Effect of reduced graphene oxide on the solvent transport characteristics and sorption kinetics of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites. Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. 20:17909–17917
Khajehpour M, Sadeghi S, Yazdi AZ, Sundararaj U (2014) Tuning the curing behavior of fluoroelastomer (FKM) by incorporation of nitrogen doped graphene nanoribbons (CNx-GNRs). Polymer 55:6293–6302
Nair AB, Kurian P, Joseph R (2013) Effect of expanded graphite on thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer/hexa fluoropropylene–vinylidinefluoride dipolymer rubber blends. Eur Polym J 49:247–260
Flory PJ, Rehner Jr J (1943) Statistical Mechanics of Cross-Linked Polymer Networks II. Swelling. J Chem Phys 11:521–526
Kraus G (1963) Swelling of filler-reinforced vulcanizates. J Appl Polym Sci 7:861–871
Flory PJ (1941) Thermodynamics of high polymer solutions. J Chem Phys 9:660–661
Acknowledgments
Grace Moni is thankful to University Grand Commission (UGC), Government of India, Delhi, for the financial assistance (JRF).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no conflicts of interest to declare
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 255 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moni, G., Jose, T., Rajeevan, S. et al. Influence of exfoliated graphite inclusion on the thermal, mechanical, dielectric and solvent transport characteristics of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites. J Polym Res 27, 72 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-2040-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-2040-x