Abstract
An asymmetric carbon membrane was prepared by coating alcoholic solution of industrial grade phenol formaldehyde novolac resin (PFNR) directly over indigenously prepared macroporous clay-alumina based ceramic support without using any microporous intermediate layer. The initial three coatings of 40 wt% PFNR solution was carried out using vacuum assisted dip coating method followed by fourth coating of same solution by normal dip coating method and final fifth coating of 60 wt% PFNR solution also by normal dip coating method. After each coating, the coated support was air dried in room temperature for 24 h and was subjected to pinhole test with nitrogen gas, failing which the coating process was repeated. The finally coated support was carbonized at 780 °C in nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a layer of carbon molecular sieve membrane (CMSM) over the support. FESEM and EDX analysis confirmed the formation of CMSM membrane directly over the support. HK method of pore size analysis revealed the presence of ultramicropores in the range of 4Å–8Å in the prepared CMSM. Single gas permeation test through the CMSM showed that it exhibits selectivities of 9.00, 14.28 and 10.21 for H2/N2, H2/CO2 and H2/CH4 systems respectively with H2 permeability of 27 × 10−9 mol.m−2.s−1.Pa−1.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig6_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig7_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig8_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10934-016-0226-8/MediaObjects/10934_2016_226_Fig9_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Kiyono, Carbon molecular sieve membranes for natural gas separations. Georgia Institute of Technology, PhD Thesis, (2010)
S. Lagorsse, F.D. Magalhães, A. Mendes, Carbon molecular sieve membranes Sorption, kinetic and structural characterization. J. Membr. Sci. 241, 275–287 (2004)
T.A. Centeno, A.B. Fuertes, Supported carbon molecular sieve membranes based on a phenolic resin. J. Membr. Sci. 160, 201–211 (1999)
D. Grainger, Development of carbon membranes for hydrogen recovery. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PhD Thesis, 2007
B. Zhang, Y. Wu, Y. Lu, T. Wang, X. Jian, J. Qiu, Preparation and characterization of carbon and carbon/zeolite membranes from ODPA–ODA type polyetherimide. J. Membr. Sci. 474, 114–121 (2015)
M.Y. Wey, H.H. Tseng, C.K. Chiang, Improving the mechanical strength and gas separation performance of CMS membranes by simply sintering treatment of α–Al2O3 support. J. Membr. Sci. 453, 603–613 (2014)
W. Wei, G. Qin, H. Hu, L. You, G. Chen, Preparation of supported carbon molecular sieve membrane from novolac phenol–formaldehyde resin. J. Membr. Sci. 303, 80–85 (2007)
A.S. Damle, S.K. Gangwal, V.K. Venkataraman, Carbon membranes for gas separation: developmental studies. Gas Sep. Purif. 8, 137–147 (1994)
M.B. Rao, S. Sircar, Performance and pore characterization of nanoporous carbon membranes for gas separation. J. Membr. Sci. 110, 109–118 (1996)
W. Wei, H. Hu, L. You, G. Chen, Preparation of carbon molecular sieve membrane from phenol–formaldehyde Novolac resin. Carbon 40, 445–467 (2002)
X. Zhang, H. Hu, Y. Zhu, S. Zhu, Effect of carbon molecular sieve on phenol formaldehyde novolac resin based carbon membranes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 52, 261–265 (2006)
H. Kita, H. Maeda, K. Tanaka, K. Okamoto, Carbon molecular sieve membrane prepared from phenolic resin. Chem. Lett. 26, 179–180 (1997)
T.A. Centeno, A.B. Fuertes, Carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from a phenolic resin supported on porous ceramic tubes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 25, 379–384 (2001)
N. Kishore, S. Sachan, K.N. Rai, A. Kumar, Synthesis and characterization of a nanofiltration carbon membrane derived from phenol–formaldehyde resin. Carbon 41, 2961–2972 (2003)
N. Tahri, I. Jedidi, S. Ayadi, S. Cerneaux, M. Cretin, R.B. Amar, Preparation of an asymmetric microporous carbon membrane for ultrafiltration separation: application to the treatment of industrial dyeing effluent. Desalination and Water Treatment. doi: 10.1080/19443994.2015.1135826
S. Ayadi, I. Jedidi, S. Lacour, S. Cerneaux, M. Cretin, R.B. Amar, Preparation and characterization of carbon microfiltration membrane applied to the treatment of textile industry effluents. Sep. Sci. Technol. 51, 1022–1029 (2016)
M.A.L. Tanco, D.A.P. Tanaka, S.C. Rodrigues, M. Texeira, A. Mendes, Composite-alumina-carbon molecular sieve membranes prepared from novolac resin and boehmite. Part I: preparation, characterization and gas permeation studies. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 40, 5653–5663 (2015)
S. Sarkar, S. Bandyopadhyay, A. Larbot, S. Cerneaux, New clay–alumina porous capillary supports for filtration application. J. Membr. Sci. 392–393, 130–136 (2012)
S.M. Saufi, A.F. Ismail, Fabrication of carbon membranes for gas separation—a review. Carbon 42, 241–259 (2004)
C. Liang, G. Sha, S. Guo, Carbon membrane for gas separation derived from coal tar pitch. Carbon 37, 1391–1397 (1999)
L.M. Robeson, The upper bound revisited. J. Membr. Sci. 320, 390–400 (2008)
G. Polotskaya, M. Goikhman, I. Podeshvo, V. Kudryavtsev, Z. Pientka, L. Brozova, M. Bleha, Gas transport properties of polybenzoxazinoneimides and theirprepolymers. Polymer 46, 3730–3736 (2005)
M.E. Rezac, B. Schoberl, Transport and thermal properties of poly (ether imide)/acetylene-terminated monomer blends. J. Membr. Sci. 156, 211–222 (1999)
K. Tanaka, M.N. Islam, M. Kido, H. Kita, K.I. Okamoto, Gas permeation and separation properties of sulfonated polyimide membranes. Polymer 47, 4370–4377 (2006)
D. Fritsch, N. Avella, Highly gas permeable poly(amide imide)s, in 36th IUPAC International Symposium on Macromolecules, August 4–9, Seoul, Korea, (1996), pp. 411
M. Teraguchi, T. Masuda, Poly(diphenylacetylene) membranes with high gas permeability and remarkable chiral memory. Macromolecules 35, 1149–1151 (2002)
K. Nagai, A. Higuchi, T. Nakagawa, Gas permeability and stability of poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne-co-1-phenyl-1-propyne) membranes. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 33, 289–298 (1995)
D.H. Weinkauf, D.R. Paul, Gas transport properties of thermotropic liquidcrystalline copolyesters. II. The effects of copolymer composition. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 30, 837–849 (1992)
G. Illing, K. Hellgardt, M. Schonert, R.J. Wakeman, A. Jungbauer, Towards ultrathin polyaniline films for gas separation. J. Membr. Sci. 253, 199–208 (2005)
K. Nagai, A. Higuchi, T. Nakagawa, Bromination and gas permeability of poly (1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) membrane. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 54, 1207–1217 (1994)
A.C. Savoca, A.D. Surnamer, C.-F. Tien, Gas transport in poly (silylpropynes): the chemical structure point of view. Macromolecules 26, 6211–6216 (1993)
K. Tanaka, M. Okano, H. Toshino, H. Kita, K.I. Okamoto, Effect of methyl substituents on permeability and permselectivity of gases in polyimides prepared from methyl-substituted phenylenediamines. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 30, 907–914 (1992)
L. Yang, J. Fang, N. Meichin, K. Tanaka, H. Kita, K. Okamoto, Gas permeation properties of thianthrene-5,5,10,10-tetraoxide-containing polyimides. Polymer 42, 2021–2029 (2001)
M. Macchione, J.C. Jansen, G. De Luca, E. Tocci, M. Longeri, E. Drioli, Experimental analysis and simulation of the gas transport in dense Hyflon AD60X membranes: influence of residual solvent. Polymer 48, 2619–2635 (2007)
I. Pinnau, L.G. Toy, Gas and vapor transport properties of amorphous perfluorinated copolymer membranes based on 2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole/tetrafluoroethylene. J. Membr. Sci. 109, 125–133 (1996)
L.G. Toy, K. Nagai, B.D. Freeman, I. Pinnau, Z. He, T. Masuda, M. Teraguchi, Y.P. Yampolskii, Pure-gas and vapor permeation and sorption properties of poly[1-phenyl-2 [p(trimethylsilyl)phenyl] acetylene](PTMSDPA). Macromolecules 33, 2516–2524 (2000)
Acknowledgement
The work has been jointly funded by CSIR 12th five year plan project (Project No.—CSC0115 & ESC 0104) and DST, GoI, project No. GAP0341. The authors thank Dr. Anshu Nanoti, Mr. Swapnil Divekar and Mrs. Pushpa Gupta, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun—248 005, India for their kind help and valuable suggestions during the study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roy, S., Das, R., Gagrai, M.K. et al. Preparation of carbon molecular sieve membrane derived from phenolic resin over macroporous clay-alumina based support for hydrogen separation. J Porous Mater 23, 1653–1662 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-016-0226-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-016-0226-8