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Refrigeration Below 1 Kelvin

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Abstract

There is a growing demand for refrigeration techniques to reach temperatures below 1 K because these temperatures are critical for a wide range of rapidly develo** applications, mainly in the fields of quantum information science, electromagnetic radiation detection, dark matter search and condensed matter physics. A number of methods exist for realizing these temperatures, including 3He-based cooling (3He evaporation, dilution refrigeration and Pomeranchuk cooling), solid-state cooling (electron demagnetization, nuclear demagnetization and tunnel junction cooling), laser cooling and evaporative cooling among others. Here, this study presents basic principles of these methods and summarizes the corresponding advances in operating temperature ranges and cooling capacities, with the goal of identifying each method’s pros and cons. It is concluded with discussions of the challenges with these methods and key points for improving their performance.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Bei**g Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 3212019) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52076115). The author is grateful to Prof. Marcel ter Brake at University of Twente and Dr. Henri Godfrin at CNRS-Institut Néel for their guidance into the field of sub-Kelvin refrigeration.

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  1. Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Bei**g, 100084, China

    Haishan Cao

  2. Bei**g Key Laboratory for CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Bei**g, 100084, China

    Haishan Cao

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Cao, H. Refrigeration Below 1 Kelvin. J Low Temp Phys 204, 175–205 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-021-02606-7

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