Abstract
The high-resolution spatial and long-term temporal variabilities of winter sea surface temperature (SST) in the Japan Sea and their influences on the atmosphere are investigated using a newly published satellite observation data set. The first and second principal components are characterized by the basin-wide and east–west dipole structure, respectively. Both the basin-wide and the dipole modes show the influence of ocean on the above atmosphere. Local atmospheric response of the basin-wide mode is constrained to the East Korea Bay, which can be explained through the vertical mixing mechanism, that the warm (cold) SST enhances (weakens) the wind speed. Moreover, the basin-wide mode shows a remote pattern over the eastern North Pacific that is enhanced by the divergence of transient eddy vorticity flux via downstream intensified storm track, even in the absence of strong Arctic Oscillation forcing.
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Acknowledgements
The present study is supported by the National Key Research Program of China (2017YFA0604100). Yongchui Zhang acknowledges support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41406003), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (Grant No. 2013M541959), and Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. BK20130064). Peilong Yu is supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M701754), the Postdoctoral Research Funding of Jiangsu Province (2021K052A) and the Research Project of National University of Defense Technology (ZK20-45). Thanks to Dr. Chao Zhang for his help in calculating the storm tracks. The CoralTemp data can be available at NOAA CRW program website (https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/index.php). ERA5 Reanalysis were downloaded from Copernicus climate data storage (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/). The AO index provided by NOAA CPC (https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/). The OAFlux can be available at http://oaflux.whoi.edu/. The J-OFURO3 can be found at https://j-ofuro.isee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/en/. The software used to generate all the figures in this study is MATLAB. We thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments to further improve the manuscript.
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All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Yongchui Zhang and Shiyao Chen. The figures were made by **ao Yang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Shiyao Chen and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Chen, S., Wang, H., Wang, N. et al. Dominant modes of winter SST variability in the Japan Sea and their influences on atmosphere. J Oceanogr 78, 353–368 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-022-00643-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-022-00643-8