Abstract
Cobalt particles are often used as fillers in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) due to their potential advantages. This study aimed to assess the physical, morphological, magnetic, and optical properties of cobalt-based MRE (Co-MRE). To achieve this, several isotropic samples with different concentrations of cobalt and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were created. Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) 2D simulation software and a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were used to assess the magnetic properties. Morphological properties were observed with a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and physical properties were examined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used to study the optical properties. FEMM 2D showed that 7 wt% of Co-MRE had the highest magnetic flux density. VSM indicated that 7 wt% of Co-MRE had the strongest magnetic saturation. Morphological properties revealed that 7 wt% of Co-MRE had a rougher surface than 0–5 wt%. XRD showed that 7 wt% of Co-MRE had more cobalt elements. UV–Vis indicated that 5 wt% of Co-MRE had a precise result with some noise. PL spectroscopy showed that 7 wt% of Co-MRE had a higher emission peak and a broader shape at 475–525 nm excitation wavelength, while 0 wt% had a broader shape graph at 550–600 nm. While these properties are beneficial, it is important to balance the sensitivity and elasticity of MRE for stable applications in assistive sensor devices.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The article contains all the data that has been collected or examined throughout the investigation.
References
T. Liu, Y. Xu, Magnetorheological elastomers: materials and applications, in Smart and Functional Soft Materials. (IntechOpen, Croatia, 2019)
M. Jaafar, F. Mustapha, M. Mustapha, Review of current research progress related to magnetorheological elastomer material. J. Market. Res. 15, 5010–5045 (2021)
Y.T. Choi, N.M. Wereley, Adaptively tunable magnetorheological elastomer-based vibration absorber for a propeller aircraft seat. AIP Adv. 12(3), 035332 (2022)
M. Asadi Khanouki, R. Sedaghati, A. Rasooli, Analysis and design optimization of a magnetorheological elastomer-based vibration absorber for maximum vibration attenuation of a main structure. AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum (2022)
B. Im, J. Yoon, Development of a soft haptic sensor capable of measuring contact forces based on magnetorheological elastomers. 2022 19th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots (UR) (2022)
S. Gast, K. Zimmermann, A tactile sensor based on magneto-sensitive elastomer to determine the position of an indentation. J. Sens. Sens. Syst. 9(2), 319–326 (2020)
M. Lalegani Dezaki, M. Bodaghi, Magnetorheological elastomer-based 4D printed electroactive composite actuators. Sens. Actuators A 349, 114063 (2023)
M.A. Moreno-Mateos, M. Hossain, P. Steinmann, D. Garcia-Gonzalez, Hybrid magnetorheological elastomers enable versatile soft actuators. NPJ Comput. Mater. 8(1), 162 (2022)
T. Li, A. Abd El-Aty, C. Cheng, Y. Shen, C. Wu, Q. Yang, S. Hu, Y. Xu, J. Tao, X. Guo, Investigate the effect of the magnetic field on the mechanical properties of silicone rubber-based anisotropic magnetorheological elastomer during curing process. J. Renew. Mater. 8(11), 1411–1427 (2020)
H.S. Jung, S.H. Kwon, H.J. Choi, J.H. Jung, Y.G. Kim, Magnetic carbonyl iron/natural rubber composite elastomer and its magnetorheology. Compos. Struct. 136, 106–112 (2016)
Y. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Oh, K. Chung, Fabrication and properties of magnetorheological elastomers based on CR/ENR self-crosslinking blends. Smart Mater. Struct. 24(9), 095006 (2015)
J.H. Koo, A. Dawson, H.J. Jung, Characterization of actuation properties of magnetorheological elastomers with embedded hard magnetic particles. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 23(9), 1049–1054 (2012)
E.Y. Kramarenko, A.V. Chertovich, G.V. Stepanov, A.S. Semisalova, L.A. Makarova, N.S. Perov, A.R. Khokhlov, Magnetic and viscoelastic response of elastomers with hard magnetic filler. Smart Mater. Struct. 24(3), 035002 (2015)
Q. **, Y.G. Xu, Y. Di, H. Fan, Influence of the particle size on the rheology of magnetorheological elastomer. Mater. Sci. Forum 809–810, 757–763 (2014)
N. Hapipi, S.A.A. Aziz, S.A. Mazlan, Ubaidillah, S.B. Choi, N. Mohamad, M.H.A. Khairi, A.Y.A. Fatah, The field-dependent rheological properties of plate-like carbonyl iron particle-based magnetorheological elastomers. Results Phys. 12, 2146–2154 (2019)
C. Wu, C. Cheng, A.A. El-Aty, T. Li, Y. Qin, Q. Yang, S. Hu, Y. Xu, X. Guo, Influence of particles size and concentration of carbonyl iron powder on magnetorheological properties of silicone rubber-based magnetorheological elastomer. Mater. Res. Exp. 7(8), 086101 (2020)
A.M.H. Salem, A. Ali, R.B. Ramli, A.G.A. Muthalif, S. Julai, Effect of carbonyl iron particle types on the structure and performance of magnetorheological elastomers: a frequency and strain dependent study. Polymers 14(19), 4193 (2022)
A. Boczkowska, S.F. Awietjan, S. Pietrzko, K.J. Kurzydłowski, Mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomers under shear deformation. Compos. B Eng. 43(2), 636–640 (2012)
M. Yu, B. Ju, J. Fu, X. Liu, Q. Yang, Influence of composition of carbonyl iron particles on dynamic mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomers. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324(13), 2147–2152 (2012)
J. Winger, M. Schümann, A. Kupka, S. Odenbach, Influence of the particle size on the magnetorheological effect of magnetorheological elastomers. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 481, 176–182 (2019)
B. Nayak, S.K. Dwivedy, K.S. Murthy, Fabrication and characterization of magnetorheological elastomer with carbon black. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 26(7), 830–839 (2014)
X.G. Huang, Z.Y. Yan, C. Liu, G.H. Li, J. Wang, Study on the resistance properties of magnetorheological elastomer. Mater. Res. Innov. 19(Suppl 5), S5-924 (2015)
Y. Li, S. Qi, J. Fu, R. Gan, M. Yu, Fabrication and mechanical behaviors of iron–nickel foam reinforced magnetorheological elastomer. Smart Mater. Struct. 28(11), 115039 (2019)
A.A. Zainudin, N.A. Yunus, S.A. Mazlan, M.K. Shabdin, S.A. Abdul Aziz, N.A. Nordin, N. Nazmi, M.A. Abdul Rahman, Rheological and resistance properties of magnetorheological elastomer with cobalt for sensor application. Appl. Sci. 10(5), 1638 (2020)
M. Shabdin, M. Abdul Rahman, S. Mazlan, Ubaidillah, N. Hapipi, D. Adiputra, S. Abdul Aziz, I. Bahiuddin, S.B. Choi, Material characterizations of Gr-based magnetorheological elastomer for possible sensor applications: rheological and resistivity properties. Materials 12(3), 391 (2019)
M. Cvek, E. Kutalkova, R. Moucka, P. Urbanek, M. Sedlacik, Lightweight, transparent piezoresistive sensors conceptualized as anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers: a durability study. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 183, 105816 (2020)
N. Özdoğan, F. Kapukıran, E. Öztürk Er, S. Bakırdere, Magnetic cobalt particle–assisted solid phase extraction of tellurium prior to its determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Environ. Monit. Assess. 191(6), 339 (2019)
R. Wahab, N. Ahmad, M. Alam, Silicon nanoparticles: a new and enhanced operational material for nitrophenol sensing. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 31, 17084–17099 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04269-8
Acknowledgements
This research was fully funded by the Universiti Putra Malaysia, under Geran Putra-Inisiatif Putra Muda (GP-IPM) under vote number 9724800. The authors are grateful to the support staff who assisted in the characterization measurements and for the facilities provided by Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the discussions and preparation of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not necessary.
Research involving human or animal participants
There are no biological or human subjects involved in this experiment.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nasruldin, A.A., Shabdin, M.K., Kechik, M.M.A. et al. Physical, magnetic, morphological, and optical properties of isotropic magnetorheological elastomers with cobalt as fillers for assistive sensor devices applications. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 35, 948 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12698-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12698-y