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Effect of anode passivation on ferrate(VI) electro-generation using ductile iron anode and application for methylene blue treatment

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Abstract

Passivation of anode is a significant challenge in the electrochemical synthesis process of Fe(VI), affecting ferrate(VI) generation efficiency. In this study, the electrochemical, morphological, and structural characteristics of the passive layer after different electrolysis times were investigated to evaluate its impact on ferrate synthesis. The results determined the optimal duration of the electrosynthesis cycle for the ductile iron anode was 6 h. The ductile iron anode has high carbon content with the graphite form of spheres, and during the electrolysis time smaller than 6 h the thin passive layer forms in the outer region of the graphite nodule and the passive layer does not cover the surface of the porous graphite nodules. Therefore, the solution easily diffuses through and improves the contact between the electrolyte and the inner iron layer, enhancing the effectiveness of the ferrate synthesis. With the electrolysis time greater than 6 h, the thicker passive layer consisting of a mixture of iron oxides Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 prevents considerable ferrate generation. As a consequence, Fe(VI) concentration of 2035 mg L−1 and current efficiency of 59% can be obtained after 6 h electrolysis. The prepared ferrate(VI) solution was used to treat methylene blue (MB) in water, and the optimal condition to remove MB by ferrate(VI) was determined. The removal of MB can achieved 99% after 50 min, at pH = 3, and the molar ratios of Fe(VI) to MB of 10: 1.

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Acknowledgements

This research is financially supported by Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology under code number KHCBHH.01/22–24.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, 10072, Viet Nam

    Thi Thanh Thuy Mai, Thi Van Anh Nguyen & Thi Binh Phan

  2. Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Viet Nam

    Thi Thanh Thuy Mai, Thi Van Anh Nguyen & Thi Binh Phan

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MTTT: Writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, methodology, formal analysis, and project administration; NTVA: Prepared figures, formal analysis, visualization, and resources; PTB: Writing – review & editing, methodology, formal analysis.

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Mai, T.T.T., Anh Nguyen, T.V. & Phan, T.B. Effect of anode passivation on ferrate(VI) electro-generation using ductile iron anode and application for methylene blue treatment. J Appl Electrochem 54, 1783–1794 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-024-02066-3

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