Abstract
The healthcare sector is proliferating day by day by smartly securing confidential data and providing access to their relevant community members and patients. All the credit goes to the blockchain, which is a distributed and decentralized system for securing confidential data. Blockchain provides features of immutability, because of which malicious nodes are unable to access personal data. There is a mechanism used in blockchain called consensus that verifies every block added to the blockchain to make the system successful and also make the system fault-tolerant. But still, there is an issue present in an existing system, like a trust issue. In this research, we present a system for addressing the trust ability issue that is present in an existing system by enhancing the credibility of blocks, and according to blocks' behavior, they get rewarded/punished for making the system reputed. In this paper, we design five algorithms based on which they get reward or punishment. Our proposed model consists of a four-layered architecture. The HCM model uses the Ethereum blockchain platform, which shows that the HCM model is superior to that of an existing PoXR system as it reduces the use of memory (up to 50%) and reduces CPU consumption (which is approximately 2%).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Dou, H., Yin, L.: A probabilistic proof-of-Stake protocol with fast confirmation’. J. Inform. Secur. Appl. 68, 103268 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103268
Guru, A., Mohandas, B.K., Mohapatra, H., Fadi-ul-Turjman, C.A.: A survey on consensus protocols and attacks on blockchain technology. Appl. Sci. (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042604
Jeet, R., Kang, S.S., Shah, Md., Hoque, S., Dugbakie, B.N.: Secure model for iot healthcare system under encrypted blockchain framework. Secur. Commun. Netw. 2022, 1–11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3940849
Kumari, T., Kumar, R., Dwivedi, R.K.: Designing blockchain-based consensus mechanism for smart healthcare IoT. In: International Conference on Intelligent Innovative Technologies in Computing. Electrical and Electronics, IITCEE (2023)
Kumari, T., Kumar, R., Dwivedi, R.K.: Design of a secure and smart healthcare IoT with blockchain: a review. In: Part of the SIST Book Series, Springer, 6th Springer International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems, ICTIS (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3575-6_25
Liao, Z., Cheng, S.: RVC: a reputation and voting based blockchain consensus mechanism for edge computing-enabled IoT Systems. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 209, 103510 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103510
Mbonihankuye, S., Nkunzimana, A., Ndagijimana, A.: Healthcare data security technology: HIPAA compliance. Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput. 17, 1–7 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1927495
Mu, C., Ding, T., Yang, M., Huang, Y., Jia, W., Shen, X.: Peer-to-peer energy trading based on a hybrid blockchain system. Energy Rep. 1(9), 124–128 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.09.123
Pass, R., Shi, E.: Hybrid consensus: efficient consensus in the permission less model. Eur. J. Hybrid Imaging (2017)
Prabha, P., Chatterjee, K.: Design and implementation of hybrid consensus mechanism for IoT-based healthcare system security. Int. J. Inform. Technol. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-022-00880-6
Raghav, N.A., Venkatesan, S., Verma, S.: PoEWAL: a lightweight consensus mechanism for blockchain in IoT. Pervas. Mobile (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2020.101291
Rensaa, J.-A.H.: VerifyMed-application of blockchain technology to improve trust in virtualized healthcare services. Master's thesis, NTNU (2020)
Roman, B., Antonina K., Nicheporuk, A., Markowsky, G., Sachenko, A., Proof-of-activity consensus protocol based on a network's active nodes 'Intelligent Information Technologies and System of Information Security, Vol-2623.urn:nbn:de:0074–2623–0 (2020) .
Schinckus, C.: ’Proof-of-work based blockchain technology and anthropocene: an undermined situation? Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 152, 111682 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111682
Sheikh, H., Azmathullah, R.M., Rizwan, F.: Proof-of-work vs proof-of-stake: a comparative analysis and an approach to blockchain consensus mechanism. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 6(12), 786–791 (2018)
Song, H., Zhu, N., Xue, R., He, J., Zhang, K., Wang, J.: Proof-of-contribution consensus mechanism for blockchain and its application in IPR. Inform. Process. Manag. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102507
Sun, Y., Yan, B., Yao, Y., Yu, J.: Dt-dpos: a delegated proof of stake consensus algorithm with dynamic trust. Proc. Comput. Sci. 1(187), 371–376 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.113
Thanujan, T., Rajapakse, C.: A community-based hybrid blockchain architecture for the organic food supply chain. Int. Res. Conf. Smart Comput. Syst. Eng. (SCSE) (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/SCSE53661.2021.9568325
Upadrista, V., Nazir, S., Tianfield, H.: Secure data sharing with blockchain for remote health monitoring applications: a review. J. Reliable Intell. Environ. 11, 1–20 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-023-00204-w
Wang, B., Li, Z., Li, H.: Hybrid consensus algorithm based on modified proof-of-probability and DPoS. Future Internet (2020a). https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12080122
Wang, E.K., Sun, R., Chen, C.M., Liang, Z., Kumari, S., Khan, M.K.: Proof of X-repute blockchain consensus protocol for IoT systems. Comput. Secur. 1(95), 101871 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2020.101871
Wenli Yang, S.G.: A hybrid consensus algorithm for master-slave blockchain in a multi-domain conversation system. Exp. Syst. Appl. 204(15), 117300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117300
Wu, Y., Song, P., Wang, F.: Hybrid consensus algorithm optimization: a mathematical method based on pos and pbft and its application in blockchain. Math. Probl. Eng. 13, 2020 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7270624
**ao Feng, Lu., Jiang, C.: TEEDAG: a high-throughput distributed ledger based on TEE and directed acyclic graph. Electron. J. Graph Theory Appl., Electron. 12(11), 2393 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112393
Zheng, X., Feng, W.: Research on Practical byzantine fault tolerant consensus algorithm based on blockchain’. J. Phys. Conf. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1802/3/032022
Acknowledgements
We thank the anonymous referees for their useful suggestions.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
T.K. has performed the research and written the manuscript under the supervision of Dr R K and Dr. R. K D.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no potential conflicts- of interest.
Informed consent
There are no human subjects in this article and informed consent is not applicable.
Human and animal rights
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kumari, T., Kumar, R. & Dwivedi, R.K. Blockchain-based secure and smart healthcare IoT system using hybrid consensus mechanism with an honest block. Health Serv Outcomes Res Method (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10742-024-00330-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10742-024-00330-9