SpringerLink
Log in

Characterization of the eXTP-LAD collimators

  • Research
  • Published:
Experimental Astronomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission (eXTP) is a next-generation flagship X-ray astronomy satellite currently in phase-B study. The large Area Detector (LAD) on board eXTP contains 40 modules, each consisting of a set of 4\(\times \)4 large area SDDs and 4\(\times \)4 collimators, and has a designed effective area of 3.0 m\(^2\) at 8 keV and a Field of View (FoV) of 1\(^\circ \). To achieve such a large effective area, the collimator’s Open Area Ratio (OAR) should be greater than 70%. In this paper, we introduce the measurement methods used to determine the OAR and the rocking curve (angular response) of the LAD collimator at the 100-m X-ray Test Facility (100XF) of the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in Bei**g, and report the results of the collimators manufactured under different conditions. The measured OARs of the collimators are usually smaller than the theoretical values by a few percent, which is due to the non-uniformity and irregularity of the pores. The measured rocking curves are usually broader than the theoretical triangular curves, and the lower the energy of the incident X-ray the broader the rocking curve. This broadening of the rocking curve is the result of reflection on the inner wall of the pores. Our results also show that increasing the etching time in the manufacturing of the collimators can increase the OARs but does not change significantly the shape of the rocking curves.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Sequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the IHEP box https://ihepbox.ihep.ac.cn/ihepbox/index.php/s/buEHYMmCuHYeAfN

References

  1. Zhang, S.-N., Santangelo, A., Xu, Y., Feroci, M., Hernanz, M., Lu, F., Chen, Y., Feng, H., Nandra, K., Jiang, W., et al.: Enhanced x-ray timing and polarimetry mission: extp: an update on its scientific cases, mission profile and development status. In: Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, vol. 12181. pp. 466–495. SPIE, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2629340

  2. Feroci, M., Ambrosi, G., Ambrosino, F., Antonelli, M., Argan, A., Babinec, V., Barbera, M., Bayer, J., Bellutti, P., Bertucci, B., et al.: The large area detector onboard the extp mission. In: Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, vol. 12181. pp. 466–483. SPIE, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2628814

  3. Hernanz, M., Brandt, S., Evangelista, Y., Meuris, A., Tenzer, C., Zampa, G., Orleanski, P., Kalemci, E., Sungur, M., Schanne, S., et al.: The wide field monitor onboard the chinese-european x-ray mission extp. In: Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, vol. 12181. pp. 484–497. SPIE, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2628335

  4. Campana, R., Feroci, M., Del Monte, E., Mineo, T., Lund, N., Fraser, G.W.: Background simulations for the large area detector onboard loft. Exp. Astron. 36, 451–477 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-013-9341-6

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Turner, M., Smith, A., Zimmermann, H.: The medium energy instrument on exosat. In: X-Ray Astronomy: Proceedings of the XV ESLAB Symposium Held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 22–26 June 1981. pp. 513–524. Springer, (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01246071

  6. Mineo, T., Fraser, G.W., Martindale, A., Feldman, C., Campana, R., Cusumano, G., Feroci, M.: Effects of capillary reflection in the performance of the collimator of the large area detector on board loft. Exp. Astron. 37, 69–84 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-013-9368-8

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang, S.-N., Li, T., Lu, F., Song, L., Xu, Y., Liu, C., Chen, Y., Cao, X., Bu, Q., Chang, Z., et al.: Overview to the hard x-ray modulation telescope (insighthxmt) satellite. Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 63, 1–18 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-019-1432-6

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Li, T., Luo, T., Xu, Y., He, H., Song, L.: Study on direct point spread function measurement of capillary plate collimators with divergent x-ray beams. Radiat. Detect. Technol. Methods. 7(3), 321–336 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-023-00411-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lombardi, G., Mendes, V., Trois, A., Morgante, G., Ceraudo, F., Piazzolla, R.: The thermo-mechanical design of the module of the lad instrument onboard the extp mission. In: Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, vol. 12181. pp. 1690–1717. SPIE, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644487

  10. Ceraudo, F., Ge, J., Evangelista, Y., Muleri, F., Hanqi, M., Zhao, X., Wei, X., Feroci, M.: Characterization of the nnvt capillary plate collimators. J. Instrum. 13(09), 09020 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/09/P09020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang, Y., Zhao, Z., Hou, D., Yang, X., Chen, C., Li, X., Zhu, Y., Zhao, X., Ma, J., Xu, H., et al.: The 100-m x-ray test facility at ihep. Exp. Astron. 55(2), 427–445 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-022-09872-7

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hou, D., Wang, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhao, X., Yang, X., Ma, J., Zhu, Y., Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, C., et al.: Characterization of a pnccd-based camera for applications at the 100 m x-ray test facility. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 135(1048), 064505 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/acdf20

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The Chinese team acknowledges support by the Chinese Academy of Sciences through the Strategic Priority Research Program, Grant No. XDA15020500. This work is partially supported by International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.113111KYSB20190020).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Bei**g, 100049, China

    Zijian Zhao, Tao Luo, Yupeng Xu, Hongwei Liu, Yuxuan Zhu, Yifan Zhang, Dongjie Hou, **ongtao Yang, Huilin He, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Fangjun Lu & Yusa Wang

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Bei**g, 100049, China

    Zijian Zhao, Yupeng Xu, Yifan Zhang, Dongjie Hou, Huilin He, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Fangjun Lu & Yusa Wang

  3. INAF-IAPS, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, 00133, Italy

    Francesco Ceraudo & Marco Feroci

  4. INFN, Sezione Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, 00133, Italy

    Marco Feroci

  5. North Night Vision Technology Co., LTD (NNVT), Nan**g, 211106, China

    Longhui Li & Jian Wang

Authors
  1. Zijian Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tao Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francesco Ceraudo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marco Feroci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Longhui Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jian Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yupeng Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Hongwei Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Yuxuan Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Yifan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Dongjie Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. **ongtao Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Huilin He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Shuang-Nan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Fangjun Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Yusa Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Zijian Zhao led the experimental design, equipment operation, and data analysis of the study, and also wrote the first draft of the paper. Tao Luo assisted in experimental design and designed the aluminum holder for the MCPs, optimizing the overall process. Francesco Ceraudo and Marco Feroci provided simulation data, valuable suggestions for optimizing data analysis and improving the manuscript. Longhui Li and Jian Wang provided the four MCPs with different roughness. Shuang-Nan Zhang, Fangjun Lu, Yupeng Xu, and Yusa Wang offered guidance and supervision for the manuscript. Hongwei Liu, Huilin He, Yuxuan Zhu, Yifan Zhang, Dongjie Hou, and **ongtao Yang were responsible for data recording during the test and provided valuable suggestions for the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yupeng Xu or Yusa Wang.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhao, Z., Luo, T., Ceraudo, F. et al. Characterization of the eXTP-LAD collimators. Exp Astron 57, 29 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-024-09947-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-024-09947-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation