Abstract
In Burkina Faso, several investigations have raised suspicions that hospital liquid effluents are the source of contaminants in porbeagle-culture products and surface water in urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic quality of hospital liquid effluents discharged into nature by the UHC Bogodogo (UHC-BOG), Yalgado Ouédraogo (UHC-YO), and the WWTS of Kossodo (WWTS-KOS). Thus, 15 samples of liquid effluents (five per site) discharged into nature were collected. Within the physicochemical parameters, the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids (TSS), conductivity, copper, iron, hafnium, silver, mercury, lead, and cadmium of these samples were determined using standard methods. The mean values of pH were 8.84 ± 0.42,8.06 ± 0.54, and 8.55 ± 0.53 for WWTS-KOS, UHC-BOG, and UHC-YO, respectively. Conductivity values were 1956.80 ± 81.30, 812.80 ± 45.22, and 956.00 ± 39.96 µS/cm, respectively. TSS were 338.20 ± 38.80, 45.00 ± 5.79, and 187.80 ± 27.58 mg/L, respectively. COD were 274.80 ± 20.46, 35.00 ± 5.52, and 139.80 ± 25.53 mg/L, respectively. BOD5 were 186.40 ± 68.68, 26.20 ± 4.82, and 81.80 ± 15.63 mg/L, respectively. Mercury values were 1.93 ± 0.38, 4.04 ± 0.38, and 14.37 ± 1.65 µg/L, respectively. Lead values were 434.70 ± 202.42, 310.50 ± 4.09, and 367.43 ± 94.01 µg/L, respectively. Cadmium values were 79.59 ± 19.48, 109.94 ± 8.43, and 80.26 ± 7.85 µg/L, respectively. Copper values were 27.66 ± 3.33, 30.84 ± 1.65, and 28.32 ± 2.36 mg/L, respectively. Iron was detected only on the STEP-KOS with an average of 71.01 ± 37.83 mg/L. Hafnium values were 50.27 ± 4.49 and 51.58 ± 4.61 mg/L for WWTS-KOS and UHC-BOG, respectively. Silver values were 34.26 ± 3.06 for WWTS-KOS. On the three sites, the differences found were significant (p < 0.05). Liquid hospital effluents from Ouagadougou discharged into nature on the whole do not compile with the Burkinabè normative values for the discharge of wastewater into the environment.
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Data availability
All the detailed data of this manuscript are available from the authors Ouédraogo Ganamé Abasse and Savadogo Aly. For the needs, these data can be provided with the agreement of all the actors of the manuscit to the following Emails: ganamabasse@gmail.com or alysavadogo@gmail.com.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank ONEA (Burkina Faso) for supporting us in taking samples and offering the technical platform for COD, conductivity, BOD5, and TSS analysis. To LANAVET (Cameroon), for offering us the technical platform for the search of certain MET antibiotic residues in samples. We thank the AFRIDI structure for offering us mobility in Douala, Cameroon.
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This research was funded by the AFRIDI structure. The AFRIDI structure financed our stay in Douala (Cameroon) and the payment of a large part of the reagents for the analysis of MET.
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Conceptualization, Ouédraogo Gamamé Abasse, Savadogo Aly and Tchoumbougnang François; methodology, Ouédraogo Gamamé Abasse, Zongo Omarou and Djopnang Djimbie Justin; software, Ouédraogo Gamamé Abasse, Badé Farid Toyigbenan and Kaboré Boukaré; validation, Tchoumbougnang François, Ouédraogo Arouna, Cissé Hama and Traoré Yves; formal analysis, Ouédraogo Gamamé Abasse and Djopnang Djimbie Justin; investigation; resources, Ouédraogo Gamamé Abasse, Tchoumbougnang François and Savadogo Aly; writing—review and editing, Ouédraogo Gamamé Abasse, Cissé Hama and Zongo Omarou; visualization, Badé Farid Toyigbenan, Djopnang Djimbie Justin, and Ismael Henri Nestor Bassolé; supervision, Traoré Yves, Ismael Henri Nestor Bassolé, Tchoumbougnang François, and Savadogo Aly; project administration, University Joseph KI-ZERBO and University of Douala; funding acquisition, AFRIDI.
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Ouédraogo, G.A., Djopnang, D.J., Zongo, O. et al. Toxic potential evaluation of liquid effluents discharged into nature by the university hospital centers (UHC) and mixed wastewater treatment station (WWTS) at Ouagadougou-Burkina Faso. Environ Monit Assess 196, 718 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12852-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12852-3