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Surface activity, mechanisms, kinetics, and thermodynamic study of adsorption of malachite green dye onto sulfuric acid–functionalized Moringa oleifera leaves from aqueous solution

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Abstract

In the present study, activated carbon prepared from H2SO4-functionalized Moringa oleifera leaves (ACMOL) was used as a potential adsorbent for the effective removal of malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous media. FT-IR, SEM, EDS, Zeta potential, XRD, BET, proximate, and CHNS analysis techniques were used for surface characterization of the ACMOL. The adsorption efficiency of the ACMOL was investigated as a function of varying adsorbent dosage (0.02–0.2 g/100 mL), pH (3.0–9.0), ionic strength (0.1–0.5 M KCl), urea concentration (0.1–0.5 M), contact time (30–210 min), and temperature (303–323 K). The representative adsorption isotherms belong to the typical L-type. Maximum percentage removal was found to be 84% (124.40 mg/g) for MG dye concentration (30 mg/L) at pH 7.0 and 303 K with ACMOL dose 0.02 g/100 mL. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium experimental data of MG dye adsorption on the ACMOL were well explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99) and Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.99), respectively. The value of adsorption and desorption coefficient was found to be 0.036 min−1 and 0.025 mg min−1/L, respectively. Thermodynamic study showed the spontaneous (ΔG° =  − 31.33, − 31.92, and − 32.49 kJ/mol at temperatures 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively) and exothermic (ΔH° =  − 13.7 kJ/mol) nature of the adsorption with some structural changes occurring on the ACMOL surface (ΔS° = 58.198 J/K·mol).

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Acknowledgements

The authors also acknowledge the National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, for providing some experimental facilities. Utkarsh Dixit is grateful to UGC, New Delhi, for its financial support (UGC-JRF-191620022543).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow, 226025, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Utkarsh Dixit & Kaman Singh

  2. Physical Chemistry Division, National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, 208017, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sudhanshu Mohan

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Alok Kumar Singh & Arun Kumar

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  1. Utkarsh Dixit
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Contributions

Utkarsh Dixit: conceptualization, investigation, validation, methodology, writing—original draft. Kaman Singh: conceptualization, investigation, validation, methodology, supervision, data curation, review and editing. Sudhanshu Mohan: conceptualization, investigation, validation, methodology, supervision. Alok Kumar Singh: data curation, writing—original draft. Arun Kumar: data curation, writing—original draft.

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Dixit, U., Singh, K., Mohan, S. et al. Surface activity, mechanisms, kinetics, and thermodynamic study of adsorption of malachite green dye onto sulfuric acid–functionalized Moringa oleifera leaves from aqueous solution. Environ Monit Assess 196, 78 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12234-1

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