Abstract
One of the major present challenges in the building sector is to construct sustainable and low-energy buildings with a healthy, safe, and comfortable environment. This study is designed to explore long-term impacts of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) parameters in a historic technical school building on the health and comfort of students. The main objective is to identify environmental problems in schools and to direct public policy towards the enhancement of in-service historic buildings. The collected data on five consecutive days in various seasons from five different classrooms indicate allergy in 45% and asthma in 10% of students. Environmental factors, such as temperature, draught, noise, or light, affected 51% of students’ attention. Low temperature, unpleasant air, noise, and draught were found to be the most frequent concerns for students. The lowest temperature was measured during spring at 17.6 °C, the lowest humidity of 21.1% in winter, the largest CO2 amount in the air in autumn at 2041 ppm level, and the greatest total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) as 514 µg/m3. The experimental and statistical analysis results suggest the necessity of a comprehensive restoration of the building with a focus on enhancement of IEQ as well as replacement of old non-standard materials. An effective ventilation system is also necessary. The building requires major renovations to preserve its historic features while safeguarding the well-being and comfort of students and staff. Further research is needed on acoustics, lighting, and energy factors as well as the health effects of old building materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and materials availability
The experimental data used to support the findings of this study are included within the Supplementary Information file. The document also consists of detailed information about the measurement devices, the questionnaire form used for the survey in the original and English languages, and complete experimental data, including three tables and five figures.
Code availability
Nothing to declare.
Abbreviations
- ANSI:
-
American National Standards Institute
- ASHRAE:
-
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- Em :
-
Illumination
- IAQ:
-
Indoor air quality
- IEQ:
-
Indoor environmental quality
- LAeq:
-
A-weighted equivalent sound pressure level
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- PM10 :
-
Inhalable particles smaller than 10 µm
- PM2.5 :
-
Fine inhalable particles smaller than 2.5 µm
- RH:
-
Relative humidity
- SBS:
-
Sick building syndrome
- Ta :
-
Interior air temperature
- Te :
-
Exterior air temperature
- Tr :
-
Mean radiant temperature
- TSV:
-
Thermal sensation votes
- TVOC:
-
Total volatile organic compounds
- Va :
-
Air velocity (draught)
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
References
Anderson, M. J., Gorley, R. N., & Clarke, K. R. (2008). PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to software and statistical methods. UK: Plymouth.
Andersson, K., Fagerlund, I., Stridh, G., & Larsson, B. (1993). The MM-questionnaires: A tool when solving indoor climate problems. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Orebro, Sweden. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from http://www.mmquestionnaire.se/mmq/mmq.html.
ANSI/ASHRAE. (2016). Standard 62.1–2016. Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Peachtree Corners, Atlanta, GA, USA.
ANSI/ASHRAE. (2021). Standard 55–2020. Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Peachtree Corners, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Asadi, E., da Silva, M. C. G., & Costa, J. J. (2013). A systematic indoor air quality audit approach for public buildings. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 865–875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2597-x
Babich, F., Torriani, G., Corona, J., & Lara-Ibeas, I. (2023). Comparison of indoor air quality and thermal comfort standards and variations in exceedance for school buildings. Journal of Building Engineering, 71, 106405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106405
Becerra, J. A., Lizana, J., Gil, M., Barrios-Padura, A., Blondeau, P., & Chacartegui, R. (2020). Identification of potential indoor air pollutants in schools. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118420
Carrer, P., Wargocki, P., Fanetti, A., Bischof, W., Fernandes, E. D. O., Hartmann, T., Kephalopoulos, S., Palkonen, S., & Seppänen, O. (2015). What does the scientific literature tell us about the ventilation-health relationship in public and residential buildings? Building and Environment, 94, 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.011
Carrion-Matta, A., Kang, C. M., Gaffin, J. M., Hauptman, M., Phipatanakul, W., Koutrakis, P., & Gold, D. R. (2019). Classroom indoor PM2.5 sources and exposures in inner-city schools. Environment International, 131, 104968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104968
Cavaleiro Rufo, J., Madureira, J., Paciência, I., Slezakova, K., Pereira, M. D. C., Aguiar, L., Teixeira, J. P., Moreira, A., & Oliveira Fernandes, E. (2016). Children exposure to indoor ultrafine particles in urban and rural school environments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 13877–13885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6555-y
Chadee, S., & Maharaj, R. (2020). An environmental gap analysis at a university campus. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08478-w
Chen, A., Gall, E. T., & Chang, V. W. C. (2016). Indoor and outdoor particulate matter in primary school classrooms with fan-assisted natural ventilation in Singapore. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 17613–17624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6826-7
Dascalaki, E. G., & Sermpetzoglou, V. G. (2011). Energy performance and indoor environmental quality in Hellenic schools. Energy and Building, 43(2–3), 718–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.11.017
DATAcube. (2023). Statistical Data of the Slovak Republic. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://datacube.statistics.sk/.
Decree No. 259/2008 Coll. (2008). Detailed requirements for indoor environment of buildings and minimum requirements for low-standard flats and accommodation facilities.Governmental Regulation, Ministry of Health, Slovak Republic.
Dela Cruz, M., Christensen, J. H., Thomsen, J. D., & Müller, R. (2014). Can ornamental potted plants remove volatile organic compounds from indoor air? — A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 13909–13928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3240-x
Deng, S., & Lau, J. (2019). Seasonal variations of indoor air quality and thermal conditions and their correlations in 220 classrooms in the Midwestern United States. Building and Environment, 157, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.038
Dorizas, P. V., Assimakopoulos, M. N., & Santamouris, M. (2015). A holistic approach for the assessment of the indoor environmental quality, student productivity, and energy consumption in primary schools. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4503-9
Esser, S., Schwartzkopff, J., & Schulz, S. (2017). Climate and energy snapshot: Slovakia; the political economy of the low-carbon transition (p. E3G). England.
EUR-Lex. (2010). Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://europa.eu/!YggtX7.
EUR-Lex. (2020). European Commission, Directorate-General for Climate Action, Step** up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition investing in a climate-neutral future for the benefit of our people. Document 52020DC0562. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://europa.eu/!VV66wD.
European Commission. (2014). Residential and non-residential building stock renovation strategy, Slovak Republic, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. Bratislava, Slovak Republic, July 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2015-02/2014_article4_en_slovakia_0.pdf.
Fantozzi, F., Lamberti, G., Leccese, F., & Salvadori, G. (2022). Monitoring CO2 concentration to control the infection probability due to airborne transmission in naturally ventilated university classrooms. Architectural Science Review, 65(4), 306–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2022.2080637
Fazlzadeh, M., Hassanvand, M. S., Nabizadeh, R., Shamsipour, M., Salarifar, M., & Naddafi, K. (2022). Effect of portable air purifier on indoor air quality: Reduced exposure to particulate matter and health risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, 638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10255-w
Fisk, W. J., & Chan, W. R. (2017). Health benefits and costs of filtration interventions that reduce indoor exposure to PM2.5 during wildfires. Indoor Air, 27(1), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12285
Fussell, J. C., Franklin, M., Green, D. C., Gustafsson, M., Harrison, R. M., Hicks, W., Kelly, F. J., Kishta, F., Miller, M. R., Mudway, I. S., & Oroumiyeh, F. (2022). A review of road traffic-derived non-exhaust particles: Emissions, physicochemical characteristics, health risks, and mitigation measures. Environmental Science and Technology, 56(11), 6813–6835. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01072
Gao, C., Zhao, X., & Li, T. (2022). Effects of indoor VOCs from paint on human brain activities during working memory tasks: An electroencephalogram study. Indoor Air, 32(7), e13062. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13062
Ghita, S. A., & Catalina, T. (2015). Energy efficiency versus indoor environmental quality in different Romanian countryside schools. Energy and Building, 92, 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.01.049
Guo, H., Morawska, L., He, C., Zhang, Y. L., Ayoko, G., & Cao, M. (2010). Characterization of particle number concentrations and PM2.5 in a school: Influence of outdoor air pollution on indoor air. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 17, 1268–1278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0306-2
Guo, M., Yu, W., Zhang, S., Wang, H., & Wei, S. (2020). A numerical model predicting indoor volatile organic compound volatile organic compounds emissions from multiple building materials. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06890-5
Han, K. T., & Ruan, L. W. (2020). Effects of indoor plants on air quality: A systematic review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(14), 16019–16051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08174-9
Heydon, J., & Chakraborty, R. (2020). Can portable air quality monitors protect children from air pollution on the school run? An exploratory study. indoor air quality: Reduced exposure to particulate matter and health risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8153-1
Hsu, C. S., & Huang, D. J. (2014). Evaluation and improvement of air quality in school public elevator. indoor air quality: Reduced exposure to particulate matter and health risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 2941–2948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3591-7
Kallio, J., Vildjiounaite, E., Koivusaari, J., Räsänen, P., Similä, H., Kyllönen, V., Muuraiskangas, S., Ronkainen, J., Rehu, J., & Vehmas, K. (2020). Assessment of perceived indoor environmental quality, stress and productivity based on environmental sensor data and personality categorization. Building and Environment, 175, 106787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106787
Khovalyg, D., Kazanci, O. B., Halvorsen, H., Gundlach, I., Bahnfleth, W. P., Toftum, J., & Olesen, B. W. (2020). Critical review of standards for indoor thermal environment and air quality. Energy and Buildings, 213, 109819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109819
Latif, M. T., Baharudin, N. H., Velayutham, P., Awang, N., Hamdan, H., Mohamad, R., & Mokhtar, M. B. (2011). Composition of heavy metals and airborne fibers in the indoor environment of a building during renovation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 181, 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1843-3
Loupa, G., Polyzou, C., Zarogianni, A. M., Ouzounis, K., & Rapsomanikis, S. (2017). Indoor and outdoor elemental mercury: A comparison of three different cases. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189, 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5781-1
Mečiarová, Ľ, Vilčeková, S., Krídlová Burdová, E., & Kiselák, J. (2017). Factors effecting the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations in Slovak households. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121443
Mendell, M. J. (2003). Indices for IEQ and building-related symptoms. Indoor Air, 13(4), 364–368. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.0905-6947.2003.00229.X
Mendell, M. J., Eliseeva, E. A., Davies, M. M., Spears, M., Lobscheid, A., Fisk, W. J., & Apte, M. G. (2013). Association of classroom ventilation with reduces illness absence: A prospective study in California elementary schools. Indoor Air, 23(6), 515–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12042
Mishra, N., Ayoko, G. A., Salthammer, T., & Morawska, L. (2015). Evaluating the risk of mixtures in the indoor air of primary school classrooms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 15080–15088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4619-z
Mølhave, L., & Nielsen, G. D. (1992). Interpretation and limitations of the concept “total volatile organic compounds” (TVOC) as an indicator of human responses to exposures of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in indoor air. Indoor Air, 2(2), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.01-22.x
Nimlyat, P. S. (2018). Indoor environmental quality performance and occupants’ satisfaction [IEQPOS] as assessment criteria for green healthcare building rating. Building and Environment, 144, 598–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.09.003
Ortiz, M., Itard, L., & Bluyssen, P. M. (2020). Indoor environmental quality related risk factors with energy-efficient retrofitting of housing: A literature review. Energy and Buildings, 221, 110102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110102
Peng, C., Ni, P., **, G., Tian, W., Fan, L., Zhou, D., Zhang, Q., & Tang, Y. (2020). Evaluation of particle penetration factors based on indoor PM2.5 removal by an air cleaner. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 8395–8405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07471-2
Pereira, D. C. A., Custódio, D., de Andrade, M. D. F., Alves, C., & de Castro Vasconcellos, P. (2019). Air quality of an urbans school in São Paulo city. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7815-3
Persily, A. (2022). Development and application of an indoor carbon dioxide metric. Indoor Air, 32(7), e13059. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13059
Pettenkofer, M. V. (1858). Über den Luftwechsel in Wohngebäuden (About the air exchange in residential buildings), Cotta, Munich, Germany. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV013009721.
Ryan, I., Deng, X., Thurston, G., Khwaja, H., Romeiko, X., Zhang, W., Marks, T., Yu, F., & Lin, S. (2022). Measuring students’ exposure to temperature and relative humidity in various indoor environments and across seasons using personal air monitors. Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances, 4, 100029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2022.100029
Ryan, I., Deng, X., Thurston, G., Khwaja, H., Romeiko, X., Zhang, W., Marks, T., Ye, B., & Lin, S. (2023). Measuring students’ exposure to particulate matter (PM) pollution across microenvironments and seasons using personal air monitors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195, 103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10624-5
Salthammer, T., Uhde, E., Schripp, T., Schieweck, A., Morawska, L., Mazaheri, M., Clifford, S., He, C., Buonanno, G., Querol, X., & Viana, M. (2016). Children’s well-being at schools: Impact of climatic conditions and air pollution. Environment International, 94, 196–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.009
Samad, M. H. A., Aziz, Z. A., & Isa, M. H. M. (2017). Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of school classrooms: Case study in Malaysia. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1892, 180001. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5005784
Sedláková, A., Vilčeková, S., Burák, D., Tomková, Ž, Moňoková, A., & Doroudiani, S. (2020). Environmental impacts assessment for conversion of an old mill building into a modern apartment building through reconstruction. Building and Environment, 172, 106734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106734
Sheikh, H. A., Tung, P. Y., Ringe, E., & Harrison, R. J. (2022). Magnetic and microscopic investigation of airborne iron oxide nanoparticles in the London Underground. Scientific Reports, 12, 20298. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24679-4
Shiue, I. (2015). Indoor mildew odor in old housing was associated with adult allergic symptoms, asthma, chronic bronchitis, vision, sleep and self-rated health: USA NHANES, 2005–2006. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 14234–14240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4671-8
Shrubsole, C., Dimitroulopoulou, S., Foxall, K., Gadeberg, B., & Doutsi, A. (2019). IAQ guidelines for selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the UK. Building and Environment, 165, 106382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106382
STN EN 12464–1:2012. (2012). Light and lighting; Lighting of workplaces-Part. 1: Indoor workplaces. Slovak Republic Office of Standards, Metrology and Testing: Bratislava, Slovakia.
Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., Bao, L., Fan, Z., & Sundell, J. (2011). Ventilation and dampness in dorms and their associations with allergy among college students in China: A case–control study. Indoor Air, 21(4), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00699.x
Sun, Z., Liu, C., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Evaluation of a steady-state method to estimate indoor PM2.5 concentration. Building and Environment, 161, 106243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106243
Székely, G. J., Rizzo, M. L., & Bakirov, N. K. (2007). Measuring and testing dependence by correlation of distances. The Annals of Statistics, 35(6), 2769–2794. https://doi.org/10.1214/009053607000000505
Tahsildoost, M., & Zomorodian, Z. S. (2018). Indoor environment quality assessment in classrooms: An integrated approach. Journal of Building Physics, 42, 336–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744259118759687
Tran, M. T., Wei, W., Dassonville, C., Martinsons, C., Ducruet, P., Mandin, C., Héquet, V., & Wargocki, P. (2023). Review of parameters measured to characterize classrooms’ indoor environmental quality. Buildings, 13, 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020433
Turunen, M., Toyinbo, O., Putus, T., Nevalainen, A., Shaughnessy, R., & Haverinen-Shaughnessy, U. (2014). Indoor environmental quality in school buildings, and the health and wellbeing of students. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 217(7), 733–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.03.002
Vilcekova, S., Meciarova, L., Burdova, E. K., Katunska, J., Kosicanova, D., & Doroudiani, S. (2017). Indoor environmental quality of classrooms and occupants’ comfort in a special education school in Slovak Republic. Building and Environment, 120, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.05.001
Wang, N., Ernle, L., Beko, G., Wargocki, P., & Williams, J. (2022). Emission rates of volatile organic compounds from humans. Environmental Science and Technology, 56(8), 4838–4848. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08764
Wargocki, P., & Wyon, D. P. (2017). Ten questions concerning thermal and indoor air quality effects on the performance of office work and schoolwork. Building and Environment, 112, 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.020
WHO - World Health Organization. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329.
Wolkoff, P. (2018). Indoor air humidity, air quality, and health – an overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 221(3), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.015)
Wu, Z., Zhang, S., Tang, Y., Jiang, W., Jiang, H., **e, Z., & Zhang, B. (2020). Indoor environment in relation to recurrent childhood pneumonia in Southern China. Building and Environment, 172, 106727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106727
Xu, H., Guinot, B., Cao, J., Li, Y., Niu, X., Ho, K. F., Shen, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, T., Lei, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2018). Source, health risk and composition impact of outdoor very fine particles (VFPs) to school indoor environment in **’an, Northwestern China. Science of the Total Environment, 612, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.101
Yee, T. C. (2014). Indoor environmental quality (IEQ): A case study in Taylor’s University, Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering, 5(7), 1–11.
Zhang, D., Ortiz, M. A., & Bluyssena, P. M. (2019). Clustering of Dutch school children based on their preferences and needs of the IEQ in classrooms. Building and Environment, 147, 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.014
Zhang, Z. F., Zhang, X., Zhang, X. M., Liu, L. Y., Li, Y. F., & Sun, W. (2020). Indoor occurrence and health risk of formaldehyde, toluene, xylene and total volatile organic compounds derived from an extensive monitoring campaign in Harbin, a megacity of China. Chemosphere, 250, 126324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126324
Zhao, Y., & Li, D. (2023). Multi-domain indoor environmental quality in buildings: A review of their interaction and combined effects on occupant satisfaction. Building and Environment, 228, 109844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109844
Zomorodian, Z. S., Tahsildoost, M., & Hafezi, M. (2016). Thermal comfort in educational buildings: A review article. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 895–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.033
Zuazua-Ros, A., de Brito Andrade, L., Dorregaray-Oyaregui, S., Martín-Gómez, C., Ramos González, J. C., Manzueta, R., Sánchez Saiz-Ezquerra, B., & Ariño, A. H. (2023). Crosscutting of the pollutants and building ventilation systems: A literature review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 66538–66558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27148-1
Zuhaib, S., Manton, R., Griffin, C., Hajdukiewicz, M., Keane, M. M., & Goggins, J. (2018). An indoor environmental quality (IEQ) assessment of a partially-retrofitted university building. Building and Environment, 139, 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.001
Acknowledgements
The authors express their appreciation to the students, staff, and administration of the investigated school involved in this study. This work would not have been possible without their kind cooperation and support. We hope it will help to better protect the students’ health in the future.
Funding
This study was financially supported with a grant from Grant Agency of Slovak Republic No. 1/0512/20. The authors highly appreciate this support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the preparation of this research work and manuscript. Conceptualization and supervision were performed by SV. Funding acquisition was conducted by SV. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SV, EKB, AS, and ĽVM, and all authors commented on the manuscript. Methodology and investigation were contributed by SV, EKB, AS, ĽVM, and AM. Material preparation, data collection, analysis, and validation were performed by SV, EKB, AS, ĽVM, JK, and SD. Writing, reviewing, editing, correspondence, and administration were conducted by SD.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent for publication
The participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Vilčeková, S., Burdová, E.K., Kiseľák, J. et al. Assessment of indoor environmental quality and seasonal well-being of students in a combined historic technical school building in Slovakia. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1524 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12147-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12147-z