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Integrative assessment of urban dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using ground and satellite data in Iran

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Abstract

Recently, for quick urbanization and industrialization, pollutants, especially urban dust, have posed many threats to the human environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are regarded as the main dangerous pollutants that are widespread, persistent, and carcinogenic. The present work aimed to investigate the contamination and sources of PAHs, as well as to assess the risk of cancer for 16 priority PAHs, in urban dust samples in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz cities in Iran. We measured PAH concentrations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average concentrations of the 16 PAHs in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz were 6215.11, 7611.03, and 7810.37 μg kg−1, respectively. The domination of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs was observed in Ahvaz, while maximum contribution was observed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs in Esfahan and Shiraz. For PAHs’ source identification, diagnostic ratio, correlation analysis, clustering, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used. PAHs had a combustion (coal and wood, oil, fossil fuels) and gasoline/diesel engine emissions in all cities. Comparative studies suggest that the PAH compounds’ level is higher in the research area than in other countries, except for China and India. Also, the pollution of urban dust PAHs has increased over time compared to previous studies in the same cities. The cancer risk from exposure to dust contaminated with PAHs was assessed using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model. According to the findings, a high risk of exposure to cancer was observed in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz. However, compared to adults, children are at higher risk of cancer in their daily lives via dermal contact and unconscious ingestion. Based on the ILCR values, the risk of cancer is in the order of Shiraz > Isfahan > Ahvaz. To assess air pollutants and their effects on urban dust, TROPOMI onboard the Sentinel-5P data were used in the studied cities during 2018–2021. The results show that Ahvaz has different high levels of CO compared to the other 2 cities. Also, Isfahan has different high levels of NO2 compared to the other 2 cities, but Shiraz has different low levels of O3. According to satellite time series data, the trend of the Aerosol Absorbing Index (AAI) has been increasing, while there was a decreasing trend in AAI from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until 12 months later. Therefore, the natural and anthropogenic sources of urban dust PAHs have been increasing in all studied cities. Our findings show that PAH compounds in urban dust pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, strategic management and planning are vital in reducing urban dust pollution.

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Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Southwest Geological and Mineral Exploration Organization of Ahvaz. This work was conducted with supervision from Abadan University of Medical Sciences with Ethical Code IR.ABADANUMS.REC. 1402.024.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran

    Fatemeh Sadouni & Hossien Mohammad Asgari

  2. Department of Geology, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran

    Hakimeh Amanipoor & Majid Heidari

  3. Department of Pharmacology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran

    Hoda Mojiri-Forushani

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  1. Fatemeh Sadouni
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  3. Hakimeh Amanipoor
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  4. Majid Heidari
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  5. Hoda Mojiri-Forushani
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Contributions

Fatemeh Sadoni conducted the experiments. Hossein Mohammad Asgari designed the study. Hossein Mohammad Asgari and Hakimeh Amanipour analyzed the results. Majid Heidari and Hoda Mojiri-Forushani reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hossien Mohammad Asgari.

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Sadouni, F., Asgari, H.M., Amanipoor, H. et al. Integrative assessment of urban dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using ground and satellite data in Iran. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1052 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11602-1

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