Abstract
The main objective of this work was to determine the soil contamination with trace metals within and around the dumpsite of Safi city (Morocco) and to evaluate the potential environmental risk associated. The results showed that the average soil concentrations of trace metals had the following order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd and exceeded the world and the upper continental background concentrations except for Fe. In addition, the concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd remained beyond the limit standards given by the WHO/FAO. Geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, and pollution load index (PLI) indicated that the dumpsite soil is highly contaminated and deteriorated, presenting evidence of high ecological risk proved by the values of the potential ecological risk index (PERI). Correlation analyses revealed a strong relationship between the organic matter & [Fe, Zn, Cr, Cd], calcium carbonates & [Zn, Cr], and Cr & Cu inside the dumpsite soil. Principal component analysis confirmed the temporal and spatial classification of Zone A as the oldest and Zone C as the youngest and indicated that the regrouped trace metals could have the same behavior and or the same origin. The interpolation of trace metals concentrations and PERI revealed a plausible extension outside the landfill, confirmed by PLI values.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10661-023-11467-4/MediaObjects/10661_2023_11467_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10661-023-11467-4/MediaObjects/10661_2023_11467_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10661-023-11467-4/MediaObjects/10661_2023_11467_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10661-023-11467-4/MediaObjects/10661_2023_11467_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10661-023-11467-4/MediaObjects/10661_2023_11467_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10661-023-11467-4/MediaObjects/10661_2023_11467_Fig6_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The authors confirm that the data supporting the finding of this study are available within the article and its supplementary material. Raw data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
References
Abdel-Shafy, H. I., & Mansour, M. S. M. (2018). Solid waste issue: Sources, composition, disposal, recycling, and valorization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(4), 1275–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.07.003
Abdu, N., Abdullahi, A. A., & Abdulkadir, A. (2017). Heavy metals and soil microbes. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 15(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0587-x
Adamcová, D., Radziemska, M., Ridošková, A., Bartoň, S., Pelcová, P., Elbl, J., Kynický, J., Brtnický, M., & Vaverková, M. D. (2017). Environmental assessment of the effects of a municipal landfill on the content and distribution of heavy metals in Tanacetum vulgare L. Chemosphere, 185, 1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.060
Agamuthu, P. (2013). Landfilling in develo** countries. Waste Management & Research, 31(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X12469169
Agbeshie, A. A., Adjei, R., Anokye, J., & Banunle, A. (2020). Municipal waste dumpsite: Impact on soil properties and heavy metal concentrations, Sunyani, Ghana. Scientific African, 8, e00390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00390
Akanchise, T., Boakye, S., Borquaye, L. S., Dodd, M., & Darko, G. (2020). Distribution of heavy metals in soils from abandoned dump sites in Kumasi, Ghana. Scientific African, 10, e00614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00614
Akoto, O., Nimako, C., Asante, J., & Bailey, D. (2016). Heavy metals enrichment in surface soil from abandoned waste disposal sites in a hot and wet tropical area. Environmental Processes, 3(4), 747–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-016-0183-x
Alam, R., Ahmed, Z., & Howladar, M. F. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in water, soil and plant around the open landfill site Mogla Bazar in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10, 100311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100311
Alikhan, S., & Arib, F. (2019). Des solutions sociales et innovantes pour une gestion durable des déchets au Maroc. SSE Knowledge Hub for the SDGs. Avalaible online: https://knowledgehub.unsse.org/fr/knowledge-hub/des-solutions-sociales-et-innovantes-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-dechets-au-maroc-3/ (accessed on 5 May 2023)
Alloway, B. J.(2013). Heavy metals in soils: Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability (3rd Ed). Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7
Andaloussi, K., Achtak, H., Nakhcha, C., Haboubi, K., & Stitou, M. (2021). Assessment of soil trace metal contamination of an uncontrolled landfill and its vicinity: The case of the city of ‘Targuist’ (Northern Morocco). Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.48317/imist.prsm/morjchem-v9i2.23680
Arya, S., Rautela, R., Chavan, D., & Kumar, S. (2021). Evaluation of soil contamination due to crude E-waste recycling activities in the capital city of India. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 152, 641–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.07.001
Asouam, S., Faik, F., El Morjani, Z. E. A., & Abioui, M. (2021). The geological and hydrogeological characteristics of Tamelast landfill site in Agadir, Morocco. E3S Web of Conferences, 234, 00085. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400085
Ayt Ougougdal, M., Chaibi, M., Mercier, D., Maquaire, O., Maanan, M., Costa, S., Charif, A., & Ragaru, E. (2020). The typology of slope slides of the cliff coast of Safi-Morocco, and the role of the clay layer in triggering failure. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 168, 103878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103878
Barakat, A., Ennaji, W., Krimissa, S., & Bouzaid, M. (2020). Heavy metal contamination and ecological-health risk evaluation in peri-urban wastewater-irrigated soils of Beni-Mellal city (Morocco). International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 30(4), 372–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1595540
Barbieri, M., Sappa, G., Vitale, S., Parisse, B., & Battistel, M. (2014). Soil control of trace metals concentrations in landfills: A case study of the largest landfill in Europe, Malagrotta, Rome. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 143, 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.04.001
Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(25), 6506–6511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115
Baroudi, F., Al Alam, J., Fajloun, Z., & Millet, M. (2020). Snail as sentinel organism for monitoring the environmental pollution; a review. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106240
Bayuseno, A. P., & Schmahl, W. W. (2010). Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash. Waste Management, 30(8–9), 1509–1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.010
Bjerre, G. K., & Schierup, H. H. (1985). Influence of waterlogging on availability and uptake of heavy metals by oat grown in different soils. Plant and Soil, 88(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02140665
Borah, P., Gujre, N., Rene, E. R., Rangan, L., Paul, R. K., Karak, T., & Mitra, S. (2020). Assessment of mobility and environmental risks associated with copper, manganese and zinc in soils of a dum** site around a Ramsar site. Chemosphere, 254, 126852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126852
Borůvka, L., & Drábek, O. (2011). Heavy metal distribution between fractions of humic substances in heavily polluted soils. Plant, Soil and Environment, 50(8), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.17221/4041-PSE
Brtnický, M., Pecina, V., Baltazár, T., Vašinová Galiová, M., Baláková, L., Bęś, A., & Radziemska, M. (2020). Environmental impact assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils near the runway at the international airport in Central Europe. Sustainability, 12(17), 7224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177224
Chaithanya, M. S., Das, B., & Vidya, R. (2021). Investigation of contamination pathway and human health risk assessment from metals in milk from the cows grazing in an industrial area: A mass balance approach. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-462351/v1
Chandrasekaran, A., Ravisankar, R., Harikrishnan, N., Satapathy, K. K., Prasad, M. V. R., & Kanagasabapathy, K. V. (2015). Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metal concentration in soils of Yelagiri Hills, Tamilnadu, India – Spectroscopical approach. Spectrochimica Acta Part a: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 137, 589–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.093
Charzyński, P., Plak, A., & Hanaka, A. (2017). Influence of the soil sealing on the geoaccumulation index of heavy metals and various pollution factors. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(5), 4801–4811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8209-5
Chen, H., Wang, L., Hu, B., Xu, J., & Liu, X. (2022). Potential driving forces and probabilistic health risks of heavy metal accumulation in the soils from an e-waste area, southeast China. Chemosphere, 289, 133182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133182
Chofqi, A., Younsi, A., Lhadi, E. K., Mania, J., Mudry, J., & Veron, A. (2004). Environmental impact of an urban landfill on a coastal aquifer (El Jadida, Morocco). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 39(3–5), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.07.013
Cocârţă, D. M., Neamţu, S., & Reşetar Deac, A. M. (2016). Carcinogenic risk evaluation for human health risk assessment from soils contaminated with heavy metals. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13(8), 2025–2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1031-2
Dahchour, A., & Hajjaji, S. E. (2020). Management of solid waste in Morocco. In A. M. Negm & N. Shareef (Eds.), Waste Management in MENA Regions (pp. 13–33). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9_2
Dar, M. I., Green, I. D., & Khan, F. A. (2019). Trace metal contamination: Transfer and fate in food chains of terrestrial invertebrates. Food Webs, 20, e00116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2019.e00116
DesMarias, T. L., & Costa, M. (2019). Mechanisms of chromium-induced toxicity. Current Opinion in Toxicology, 14, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2019.05.003
Ebong, G. A., Dan, E. U., Inam, E., & Offiong, N. O. (2019). Total concentration, speciation, source identification and associated health implications of trace metals in Lemna dumpsite soil, Calabar, Nigeria. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 31(4), 886–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2018.01.005
Dung, T., Vassilieva, E., Swennen, R., & Cappuyns, V. (2018). Release of trace elements from bottom ash from hazardous waste incinerators. Recycling, 3(3), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030036
El Daba, A. E. M., & Abd El Wahab, M. (2020). Heavy metal contamination and physicochemical properties of soils in municipal solid waste dumpsite, Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 24(7), 913–930. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2020.133811
El Fadili, H., Ben Ali, M., Touach, N., El Mahi, M., & Mostapha Lotfi, E. (2022). Ecotoxicological and pre-remedial risk assessment of heavy metals in municipal solid wastes dumpsite impacted soil in Morocco. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 17, 100640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100640
El Hamzaoui, E. H., El Baghdadi, M., Oumenskou, H., Aadraoui, M., & Hilali, A. (2020). Spatial repartition and contamination assessment of heavy metal in agricultural soils of Beni-Moussa, Tadla plain (Morocco). Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 6(3), 1387–1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00756-3
Ennaji, W., Barakat, A., El Baghdadi, M., & Rais, J. (2020). Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil and ecological risk assessment in the northeast area of Tadla plain, Morocco. Journal of Sedimentary Environments, 5(3), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-020-00020-9
Ertani, A., Mietto, A., Borin, M., & Nardi, S. (2017). Chromium in agricultural soils and crops: A review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 228(5), 190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3356-y
Essien, J. P., Inam, E. D., Ikpe, D. I., Udofia, G. E., & Benson, N. U. (2019). Ecotoxicological status and risk assessment of heavy metals in municipal solid wastes dumpsite impacted soil in Nigeria. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 11, 100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100215
Fait, S., Fakhi, S., ElMzibri, M., Malek, O. A., Rachdi, B., Faiz, Z., Fougrach, H., Badri, W., Smouni, A., & Fahr, M. (2018). Behavior of As, Cd Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn at the soil/plant interface around an uncontrolled landfill (Casablanca, Morocco). Remediation Journal, 28(4), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21577
Fatta, D., Papadopoulos, A., & Loizidou, M. (1999). A study on the landfill leachate and its impact on the groundwater quality of the greater area. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006613530137
Foti, L., Dubs, F., Gignoux, J., Lata, J.-C., Lerch, T. Z., Mathieu, J., Nold, F., Nunan, N., Raynaud, X., Abbadie, L., & Barot, S. (2017). Trace element concentrations along a gradient of urban pressure in forest and lawn soils of the Paris region (France). Science of the Total Environment, 598, 938–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.111
Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., & Catalano, A. (2020). The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113782
González, Á., del Mar Gil-Diaz, M., & del Carmen Lobo, M. (2017). Metal tolerance in barley and wheat cultivars: Physiological screening methods and application in phytoremediation. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 17(5), 1403–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1387-4
Guggenberger, G. (2005). Humification and mineralization in soils. Microorganisms in soils: Roles in genesis and functions, 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26609-7_4
Gujre, N., Mitra, S., Soni, A., Agnihotri, R., Rangan, L., Rene, E. R., & Sharma, M. P. (2021). Speciation, contamination, ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in soils dumped with municipal solid wastes. Chemosphere, 262, 128013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128013
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A Sedimentological Approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Hans Wedepohl, K. (1995). The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), 1217–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2
He, L., Zhao, L., Li, J., Ma, J., Lui, R., Wang, S., & Zhao, W. (2014). Complex relationship between porosity and permeability of carbonate reservoirs and its controlling factors: A case study of platform facies in Pre-Caspian Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 41(2), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(14)60026-4
Hilali, A., El Baghdadi, M., Barakat, A., Ennaji, W., & El Hamzaoui, E. H. (2020). Contribution of GIS techniques and pollution indices in the assessment of metal pollution in agricultural soils irrigated with wastewater: Case of the Day River, Beni Mellal (Morocco). Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 5(3), 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-00186-8
Hilali, A., El Baghdadi, M., & Halim, Y. (2022). Environmental monitoring of heavy metals distribution in the agricultural soil profile and soil column irrigated with sewage from the Day River, Beni-Mellal City (Morocco). Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01592-3
Hooda, P. S. (Ed.). (2010). Trace Elements in Soils (1st ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444319477
Hussein, M., Yoneda, K., Mohd-Zaki, Z., Amir, A., & Othman, N. (2021). Heavy metals in leachate, impacted soils and natural soils of different landfills in Malaysia: An alarming threat. Chemosphere, 267, 128874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128874
Idowu, I. A., Atherton, W., Hashim, K., Kot, P., Alkhaddar, R., Alo, B. I., & Shaw, A. (2019). An analyses of the status of landfill classification systems in develo** countries: Sub Saharan Africa landfill experiences. Waste Management, 87, 761–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.011
Iqbal, A., Tabinda, A. B., & Yasar, A. (2021). Environmental risk assessment of a young landfill site and its vicinity for possible human exposure. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 27(1), 258–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1706152
Kabata-Pendias, A. (1993). Behavioural properties of trace metals in soils. Applied Geochemistry, 8, 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(09)80002-4
Kabata-Pendias, A., & Mukherjee, A. B. (2007). Trace elements from soil to human. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32714-1
Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., & Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a waste 2.0: A global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0
Kennou, B., El Meray, M., Romane, A., & Arjouni, Y. (2015). Assessment of heavy metal availability (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn) and speciation in contaminated soils and sediment of discharge by sequential extraction. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4609-y
Korzeniowska, J., & Krąż, P. (2020). Heavy metals content in the soils of the Tatra National Park Near Lake Morskie Oko and Kasprowy Wierch—A case study (Tatra Mts, Central Europe). Minerals, 10(12), 1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121120
Kouali, H., Achtak, H., Chaouti, A., Elkalay, K., & Dahbi, A. (2020). Assessment of trace metal contamination in surficial fine-grained sediments and mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis from Safi areas in the northwestern Atlantic coast of Morocco. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 40, 101535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101535
Kouali, H., Chaouti, A., Achtak, H., Elkalay, K., & Dahbi, A. (2022a). Contamination and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediments from coastal areas (El Jadida, Safi and Essaouira) along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 186, 104417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104417
Kouali, H., Chaouti, A., Achtak, H., Elkalay, K., & Dahbi, A. (2022b). Trace metal contents in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from Atlantic coastal areas in northwestern Morocco: Levels of contamination and assessment of potential risks to human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 179, 113680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113680
Kouchou, A., El Ghachtouli, N., Duplay, J., Ghazi, M., Elsass, F., Thoisy, J. C., Bellarbi, M., Ijjaali, M., & Rais, N. (2020). Evaluation of the environmental and human health risk related to metallic contamination in agricultural soils in the Mediterranean semi-arid area (Saiss plain, Morocco). Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(6), 131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-8880-1
Kumar, V., Pandita, S., Singh Sidhu, G. P., Sharma, A., Khanna, K., Kaur, P., Bali, A. S., & Setia, R. (2021). Copper bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and tolerance in plants: A comprehensive review. Chemosphere, 262, 127810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127810
Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Kaur, P., Singh Sidhu, G. P., Bali, A. S., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A. K., & Cerda, A. (2019). Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art. Chemosphere, 216, 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.066
Lefèvre, R. (2015). Matière organique stable du sol: Dynamique et mécanismes de (dé)stabilisation [Phdthesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI]. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01238875
Makuleke, P., & Ngole-Jeme, V. M. (2020). Soil heavy metal distribution with depth around a closed landfill and their uptake by Datura stramonium. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2020, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8872475
Minoubi, A., El Khalidi, K., Chaibi, M., Zourarah, B., Poizot, E., & Amrouni, O. (2013). Variation morphosédimentaire saisonnière et impact de la tempête de Janvier 2009 sur la côte de Safi, Maroc.
Mmereki, D., Li, B., Baldwin, A., Hong, L., 2016. The generation, composition, collection, treatment and disposal system, and impact of E-waste. E-Waste in Transition-From Pollution to Resource, 65–93. https://doi.org/10.5772/61332
Müller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geojournal, 2, 108–118. https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=4b875795-5729-4c05-9813-64951e2ca488
Naidu, R., Biswas, B., Willett, I. R., Cribb, J., Kumar Singh, B., Paul Nathanail, C., Coulon, F., Semple, K. T., Jones, K. C., Barclay, A., & Aitken, R. J. (2021). Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity. Environment International, 156, 106616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106616
Nanda, S., & Berruti, F. (2021). Municipal solid waste management and landfilling technologies: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(2), 1433–1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01100-y
Nannoni, F., Mazzeo, R., Santolini, R., & Protano, G. (2017). Multi-matrix environmental monitoring to assess heavy element distribution around a municipal solid waste landfill in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14(12), 2591–2602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1342-y
Naveen, B. P., Sumalatha, J., & Malik, R. K. (2018). A study on contamination of ground and surface water bodies by leachate leakage from a landfill in Bangalore. India. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-018-0095-x
Neeratanaphan, L., Khamma, S., Benchawattananon, R., Ruchuwararak, P., Appamaraka, S., & Intamat, S. (2017). Heavy metal accumulation in rice ( Oryza sativa ) near electronic waste dumps and related human health risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 23(5), 1086–1098. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1300856
Nhari, F., Sbaa, M., Vasel, J. L., Mohamed, F., & El Morhit, M. (2014). Soil contamination of the landfill uncontrolled by heavy metals: Case of the landfill of Ahfir-Saidia (Eastern Morocco). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 5, 1477–1484.
Obiri-Nyarko, F., Duah, A. A., Karikari, A. Y., Agyekum, W. A., Manu, E., & Tagoe, R. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at the Kpone landfill site, Ghana: Implication for ecological and health risk assessment. Chemosphere, 282, 131007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131007
Okonkwo, S. I., Idakwo, S. O., & Ameh, E. G. (2021). Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment of soils around the pegmatite mining sites at Olode area, Ibadan southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15, 100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100424
Oumenskou, H., El Baghdadi, M., Barakat, A., Aquit, M., Ennaji, W., Karroum, L. A., & Aadraoui, M. (2018). Assessment of the heavy metal contamination using GIS-based approach and pollution indices in agricultural soils from Beni Amir irrigated perimeter, Tadla plain. Morocco. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(22), 692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4021-5
Pecina, V., Brtnický, M., Baltazár, T., Juřička, D., Kynický, J., & Vašinová Galiová, M. (2021). Human health and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in urban soils of 101 cities in China: A meta-analysis. Chemosphere, 267, 129215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129215
Poniedziałek, M., Sękara, A., Jędrszczyk, E., & Ciura, J. (2010). Phytoremediation efficiency of crop plants in removing cadmium, lead and zinc from soil. Folia Horticulturae, 22(2), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0155
Rafiq, F., Techetach, M., Achtak, H., Boundir, Y., Kouali, H., Sisouane, M., Mandri, B., Cherifi, O., & Dahbi, A. (2022). First assessment of domestic and industrial effluents impact on intertidal zone of Safi coastline (west of Morocco): Physicochemical characteristics and metallic trace contamination. Desalination and Water Treatment, 245, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.27974
Rai, P. K., Lee, S. S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y. F., & Kim, K. H. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 125, 365–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.067
Rinklebe, J., Antoniadis, V., Shaheen, S. M., Rosche, O., & Altermann, M. (2019). Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils along the Central Elbe River, Germany. Environment International, 126, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.011
Ruchuwararak, P., Intamat, S., Tengjaroenkul, B., & Neeratanaphan, L. (2019). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in local edible plants near a municipal landfill and the related human health risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(7), 1760–1772. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1473755
Sarkar, A., Ravindran, G., & Krishnamurthy, V. (2013). A brief review on the effect of cadmium toxicity: From cellular to organ level. International Journal of Bio-Technology and Research (IJBTR), 3, 17–36.
Scaramozzino, P., Battisti, S., Desiato, R., Tamba, M., Fedrizzi, G., Ubaldi, A., Neri, B., Abete, M. C., & Ru, G. (2019). Application of a risk-based standardized animal biomonitoring approach to contaminated sites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(8), 526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7653-3
Sękara, A., Poniedziałek, M., Ciura, J., & Jędrszczyk, E. (2005). Cadmium and lead accumulation and distribution in the organs of nine crops: Implications for phytoremediation. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14, 509–516.
Shaheen, S. M., Tsadilas, C. D., & Rinklebe, J. (2013). A review of the distribution coefficients of trace elements in soils: Influence of sorption system, element characteristics, and soil colloidal properties. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 201–202, 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.005
Shanker, A., Cervantes, C., Lozatavera, H., & Avudainayagam, S. (2005). Chromium toxicity in plants. Environment International, 31(5), 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.003
Shirokova, Y., Forkutsa, I., & Sharafutdinova, N. (2000). Use of electrical conductivity instead of soluble salts for soil salinity monitoring in Central Asia. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 14(3), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026560204665
Siddiqua, A., Hahladakis, J. N., & Al-Attiya, W. A. K. A. (2022). An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dum**. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21578-z
Singh, N., Duan, H., Ogunseitan, O. A., Li, J., & Tang, Y. (2019). Toxicity trends in e-waste: A comparative analysis of metals in discarded mobile phones. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 380, 120898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120898
Tack, F. M. G. (2010). Trace elements: general soil chemistry, principles and processes. Trace elements in soils (pp. 9–37). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444319477.ch2
Taghavi, M., Darvishiyan, M., Momeni, M., Eslami, H., Fallahzadeh, R. A., & Zarei, A. (2023). Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 4556. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31681-x
Teta, C., & Hikwa, T. (2017). Heavy metal contamination of ground water from an unlined landfill in Bulawayo. Zimbabwe. Journal of Health and Pollution, 7(15), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-7.15.18
Thongyuan, S., Khantamoon, T., Aendo, P., Binot, A., & Tulayakul, P. (2021). Ecological and health risk assessment, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of heavy metals contamination in the soil from municipal solid waste landfill in Central, Thailand. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 27(4), 876–897. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1786666
Tóth, G., Hermann, T., Szatmári, G., & Pásztor, L. (2016). Maps of heavy metals in the soils of the European Union and proposed priority areas for detailed assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 565, 1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.115
Vaccari, M., Vinti, G., & Tudor, T. (2018). An analysis of the risk posed by leachate from dumpsites in develo** countries. Environments, 5(9), 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5090099
Velis, C. A., & Cook, E. (2021). Mismanagement of plastic waste through open burning with emphasis on the global south: A systematic review of risks to occupational and public health. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(11), 7186–7207. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08536
Verma, F., Singh, S., Singh, J., Dhaliwal, S. S., Parkash, C., Kumar, V., & Kumar, R. (2022). Assessment of heavy metal contamination and its effect on earthworms in different types of soils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(5), 4337–4350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03297-z
Vinti, G., Bauza, V., Clasen, T., Medlicott, K., Tudor, T., Zurbrügg, C., & Vaccari, M. (2021). Municipal solid waste management and adverse health outcomes: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084331
Vinti, G., Bauza, V., Clasen, T., Tudor, T., Zurbrügg, C., & Vaccari, M. (2023). Health risks of solid waste management practices in rural Ghana: A semi-quantitative approach toward a solid waste safety plan. Environmental Research, 216, 114728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114728
Vural, A., Gundogdu, A., Akpinar, I., & Baltaci, C. (2017). Environmental impact of Gümüşhane City, Turkey, waste area in terms of heavy metal pollution. Natural Hazards, 88(2), 867–890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2896-1
Wackernagel, H. (1995). Ordinary kriging. Multivariate geostatistics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03098-1_11
Wang, S., Han, Z., Wang, J., He, X., Zhou, Z., & Hu, X. (2022). Environmental risk assessment and factors influencing heavy metal concentrations in the soil of municipal solid waste landfills. Waste Management, 139, 330–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.036
Wang, X., Dan, Z., Cui, X., Zhang, R., Zhou, S., Wenga, T., Yan, B., Chen, G., Zhang, Q., & Zhong, L. (2020). Contamination, ecological and health risks of trace elements in soil of landfill and geothermal sites in Tibet. Science of The Total Environment, 715, 136639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136639
Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Yao, W., Ba, Q., & Wang, H. (2021). Effects of cadmium exposure on the immune system and immunoregulation. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 695484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.695484
Weissmannová, D., Mihočová, C., & Pavlovský. (2019). Potential ecological risk and human health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in industrial affected soils by coal mining and metallurgy in Ostrava, Czech Republic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22), 4495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224495
Wuana, R., & Okieimen, F. E. (2011). Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology, 2011, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647
Wuana, R. A., & Okieimen, F. E. (2010). Phytoremediation potential of maize (Zea mays L.). A review. African Journal of General Agriculture, 6(4), 275–287.
Yassine, A., Taoufik, E. R., Rachid, H., Driss, D., Mohamed, N., Abdelmajid, H., & Hanane, H. (2021). Assessing the contamination of trace toxic elements in the soils of sugar beet field (Beni-Mellal, Morocco). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(9), 822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07217-w
Yuan, Z., He, C., Shi, Q., Xu, C., Li, Z., Wang, C., Zhao, H., & Ni, J. (2017). Molecular insights into the transformation of dissolved organic matter in landfill leachate concentrate during biodegradation and coagulation processes using ESI FT-ICR MS. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(14), 8110–8118. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02194
Zeng, D., Chen, G., Zhou, P., Xu, H., Qiong, A., Duo, B., Lu, X., Wang, Z., & Han, Z. (2021). Factors influencing groundwater contamination near municipal solid waste landfill sites in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 211, 111913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111913
Zwolak, A., Sarzyńska, M., Szpyrka, E., & Stawarczyk, K. (2019). Sources of soil pollution by heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables: A review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 230(7), 164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4221-y
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: A.B., H.A., and A.D. Methodology: A.B., H.A., and A.D. Formal analysis: A.B. and H.A. Writing original draft preparation: A.B., A.D and H.A. Writing review and editing: A.B., A.D., G.V., and H.A. Supervision: A.D., H.A., and G.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Benhamdoun, A., Achtak, H., Vinti, G. et al. Soil contamination by trace metals and assessment of the risks associated: the dum** site of Safi city (Northwest Morocco). Environ Monit Assess 195, 941 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11467-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11467-4