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An investigation into the efficiency of electrokinetic and electrokinetic coupled with calcium peroxide permeable reactive barriers techniques for soil remediation using a statistical analysis

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Abstract

The current study emphasizes on the applicability of combining the electrokinetic (EK) and permeable reactive barriers (PRB) techniques compared to the simple EK technique. For this purpose, a statistical analysis is conducted using the Fractional Factorial Design statistical method. Also, General Linear Model and Two-sample T-Test analyzes are considered to clarify which type of soil remediation technique represents the highest efficiency. Calcium peroxide, an affordable material with easy capability for cultivation, is utilized in the PRB process to eliminate the soil from diesel contamination. The experiments were performed for 3 days and 10 days, according to which the initial contamination rates of 10 and 20% were selected, and the applied voltages were 20 V and 30 V. Using the innovative remediation technique, the experiments were conducted for 10 days with 20% initial pollution content and the applied voltage of 30 V, the initial gasoil content was about 190.5 mg/g, and after applying the proposed technique, the average final pollution content throughout soil reached approximately 37 mg/g. This experiment was also conducted for the approximately initial gasoil content of 185, 206, and 191 mg/g, which led to the removal efficiency of 79.59%, 78.93%, and 79.15%, respectively. The main novelty of this paper is attributed to the use of calcium peroxide in the EK-PRB technique and the statistical analysis conducted in this study that indicates the remarkable efficiency of the proposed approach. It was also revealed that the efficiency of the proposed technique is on par with the other state-of-art ones presented in the literature and even sometimes outperforms them.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the unknown referee’s valuable and profound comments.

Funding

Iran University of Science and Technology in Tehran is greatly acknowledged for providing advanced computational facilities and supporting all research costs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), PO Box, 14665-137, Tehran, Iran

    Jaber Neshati

  2. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran

    Faraz Biabanaki

  3. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran

    Nader Shariatmadari

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  1. Jaber Neshati
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Contributions

As the corresponding author, Dr. Jaber Neshati (Professor) has monitored conducting of this research and examined the experimental and statistical analysis in terms of accuracy and authenticity. As the second author, Mr. Faraz Biabanaki (Master Student) provided the proposed device for soil remediation, did the experiments, conducted the statistical analysis, and was a major contributor to writing the manuscript. As the third author, Dr. Nader Shariatmadari (Professor) researched to find the gaps and shortcomings of the literature regarding the soil remediation methods proposed so far. He suggested the topic of this study and contributed to the process of conducting this analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jaber Neshati.

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Neshati, J., Biabanaki, F. & Shariatmadari, N. An investigation into the efficiency of electrokinetic and electrokinetic coupled with calcium peroxide permeable reactive barriers techniques for soil remediation using a statistical analysis. Environ Monit Assess 195, 145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10736-y

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