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Iron and manganese mobilisation due to dam height increase for a tropical reservoir in South East Asia

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Abstract

The aim of this research was the analysis of the effect of a dam height raise on the water quality of a tropical reservoir used for drinking water purposes in South East Asia. Analyses of iron, manganese, pH and ammonia were performed over a 5-year period from daily water sampling at the reservoir. In addition, high-frequency monitoring data of nitrate, ammonium, pH and blue-green algae were obtained using a monitoring probe. The results showed that due to the raising of the reservoir water level, previously oxic sediments became submerged, triggering an increase in iron and manganese in particular due to the establishment of reducing conditions. Manganese concentrations with values up to 4 mg L−1 are now exceeding guideline values. The analysis strongly indicated that both iron and manganese have a seasonal component with higher iron and manganese concentrations during the wet season. Over a three-year period afterwards, concentrations did not go back to pre-raise levels. The change in water quality was accompanied by a change in pH from previous values of around 5 to pH values of around 6.5. Geochemical simulations confirmed the theory that the increasing concentrations of iron and manganese are due to the dissolution of MnO2 and ferric oxyhydroxides oxidising organic matter in the process. This study showed that changes in reservoir water levels with the establishment of reducing conditions can have long-term effects on the water quality of a reservoir.

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The data can be made available upon reasonable written request to the corresponding author and with approval by the Brunei Government.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by research grants UBD/CRG#18 as well as UBD/RSCH/URC/RG(b)/2020/17 from the Universiti Brunei Darussalam. The authors thank the Ministry of Development, Department of Water Services, Brunei Darussalam, for the supplied data, as well as for allowing the publication of this study. The authors thank Thomas Rüttimann of Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, for the analyses of water samples. The authors thank David Parkhurst for advice on the geochemical modelling with PhreeqCI. The authors are grateful for the support of Azharil Ulum Siregar and Dk Fatin Farhana Binti Pg Noraffin for fieldwork and data analysis as well as Mohammad Yameany bin Hj Rosli for SEM-EDX analysis.

Funding

This project was funded by research grants UBD/CRG #18 as well as UBD/RSCH/URC/RG(b)/2020/17 from the Universiti Brunei Darussalam.

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Author notes

  1. Anja Bretzler

    Present address: Sustainability Research Initiative, House of Academies, P.O. Box 3001, Bern, Switzerland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geosciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam

    Stefan Herwig Gӧdeke

  2. Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam

    Haziq Jamil

  3. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Switzerland

    Mario Schirmer & Anja Bretzler

  4. Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Mario Schirmer

  5. Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Darussalam

    Norazanita Shamsuddin

  6. Ministry of Development, Public Works Department, Department of Water Services, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam

    Nur Hakimah Mansor

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Conceptualization: Stefan Gödeke; methodology: Stefan Gödeke, Mario Schirmer, Haziq Jamil; formal analysis and investigation: Nur Hakimah Mansor, Stefan Gödeke, Haziq Jamil; writing – original draft preparation: Stefan Gödeke, Haziq Jamil, Norazanita Shamsuddin; writing – review and editing: all authors; funding acquisition: Universiti Brunei Darussalam; resources: Mario Schirmer, Nur Hakimah Mansor, Anja Bretzler; supervision: Nur Hakimah Mansor, Mario Schirmer.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stefan Herwig Gӧdeke.

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The authors have followed Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines in the preparation of this manuscript. This research did not involve human participants or animals. No formal ethical approval was obtained for this study.

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Highlights

• A tropical reservoir in South East Asia was investigated over a 5-year period.

• Water quality monitoring reveals an increase in iron and manganese due to a rise in the dam height of the reservoir.

• The increase in iron and manganese is linked to the enlarged footprint of the reservoir, with previously oxic sediments becoming submerged during the process and the establishment of reducing conditions.

• Iron and manganese display a seasonal component with increased concentrations during the wet season.

• Geochemical simulations confirmed that the dissolution of MnO2 and FeOOH through the oxidation of organic matter led to increased iron and manganese concentrations in the reservoir.

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Gӧdeke, S.H., Jamil, H., Schirmer, M. et al. Iron and manganese mobilisation due to dam height increase for a tropical reservoir in South East Asia. Environ Monit Assess 194, 358 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10014-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10014-x

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