Abstract
A widely distributed urban bird, the house crow (Corvus splendens), was used to assess bioavailable heavy metals in urban and rural environments across Pakistan. Bioaccumulation of arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) was investigated in wing feathers of 96 crows collected from eight locations and categorized into four groups pertaining to their geographical and environmental similarities. Results revealed that the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Cr were positively correlated and varied significantly among the four groups. Zn, Fe, Cr, and Cu regarded as industrial outputs, were observed in birds both in industrialized cities and in adjoining rural agricultural areas irrigated through the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Birds in both urban regions accrued Pb more than the metal toxicity thresholds for birds. The house crow was ranked in the middle on the metal accumulation levels in feathers between highly accumulating raptor and piscivore and less contaminated insectivore and granivore species in the studied areas,. This study suggests that the house crow is an efficient bioindicator and supports the feasibility of using feathers to discriminate the local pollution differences among terrestrial environments having different levels and kinds of anthropogenic activities.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Ms. Nur Liyana Afifah Zar Khan, Technical Officer in Civil Engineering Laboratory, Monash University Malaysia, for her assistance in the metal analysis. We are thankful to Dr. Muhammad Farooq Sabar, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, where the biological samples were collected before dispatch to Malaysia. The authors also extend their thanks to Dr. Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal Chaudhary, WWF Islamabad, Pakistan, and Dr. Tariq Rajput, University of Karachi, for hel** in sampling from Multan and Jacobabad District, and Karachi during 2018.
Funding
This research was conducted under the University Graduate Research Grant from the School of Science, Monash University Malaysia. This study was the part of the Ph.D. project of the first author at Monash University Malaysia.
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Iqbal, F., Ayub, Q., Wilson, R. et al. Monitoring of heavy metal pollution in urban and rural environments across Pakistan using House crows (Corvus splendens) as bioindicator. Environ Monit Assess 193, 237 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08966-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08966-7