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Effects of population, land cover change, and climatic variability on wetland resource degradation in a Ramsar listed Ghodaghodi Lake Complex, Nepal

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Abstract

Wetlands support livelihoods of millions of people in develo** countries. However, wetland land cover change, as a result of growing population and subsequent anthropogenic activities, has been evident at a global scale, and ongoing micro-climate alteration has further deteriorating its ecological condition. Nepal is equally vulnerable to wetland changes that can have direct effects on the sustenance of local wetland-dependent people. This study thus attempts to look at how wetland areas of Nepal are undergoing changes, taking a case of Ghodaghodi Lake Complex (GLC). Remote sensing technique, climate, and population data were used in the analysis aided by focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Results showed that total population of the study area has been increased drastically in recent decades. Landsat image analysis for 25 years (1989–2016) depicts changes in the GLC in its land cover, with maximum expansion observed in settlement followed by river and banks, whereas maximum reduction was observed in forests, followed by areas of agricultural land and lake. Similarly, diurnal temperature is increasing while total annual rainfall is slightly decreasing during the same period. Locals have perceived ecological degradation in the GLC due to both anthropogenic pressure and climatic variability. The study outlines linkage of drivers for GLC degradation and finally makes recommendations to achieve longer term sustainability of the lake complex.

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Notes

  1. Following the new constitution, in 2015, all old administrative divisions (eg.municipalities and VDCs) were restructured into new 7 provinces, and 753 municipalities and rural municipalities. At present, the GLC lies in Ghodaghodi Municipality.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Himalayan Geo-En Pvt. Ltd., Dhumbarahi, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Pramod Lamsal

  2. PHASE Nepal, Suryabinayak Municipality – 4, Dadhikot, Bhaktapur, Nepal

    Kishor Atreya

  3. Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

    Manoj Kumer Ghosh

  4. School of Arts, Kathmandu University, Lalitpur, Nepal

    Krishna Prasad Pant

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  1. Pramod Lamsal
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Lamsal, P., Atreya, K., Ghosh, M.K. et al. Effects of population, land cover change, and climatic variability on wetland resource degradation in a Ramsar listed Ghodaghodi Lake Complex, Nepal. Environ Monit Assess 191, 415 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7514-0

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