Abstract
Black root rot (BRR) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most destructive soilborne diseases of strawberry worldwide, biological control methods for BRR management are desirable. This work aimed to document antagonistic activity and mechanisms of five Trichoderma isolates (T. atroviride T1 and T3, T. harzianum T2, T4 and T5) against R. solani in-vitro and in-strawberry-petiole conditions. In-vitro results indicated that all the antagonists shared class 1 of the scale of antagonism, significantly inhibited the pathogen’s sclerotia formation and mycelial growth in dual culture (44–60.9% reduction), in volatile organic compound (VOC) (27.3–75.3% reduction) and in non-VOC assays (13.3–100% reduction). Non-VOCs emitted by T1 or T3 acted by breaking the pathogen’s hypha at the targeted sites of the septum and disorganized the cell structure of the apical hypha, which explained why the mycelia were dissolved in dual culture with T1 or T3. None of the antagonists had the ability to produce siderophore, IAA and hydrogen cyanide. All the antagonists showed good protease-, cellulose-, chitinase- and glucanase-producing ability. However, as mycoparasites of R. solani, higher β-1,3-glucanase-, chitinase- and protease-producing ability of T2 and T5 caused cell wall degradation. In-strawberry-petioles results indicated that antagonisms of the five Trichoderma isolates against R. solani ranked as T2 (34.8%) > T4 (−16.7%) > T3 (−46%) > T5 (−171.5%) > T1 (−172%). In general, the results suggest that the five Trichoderma isolates significantly inhibited R. solani in vitro and shared different strategies against the pathogen. However, except for T2, the other four antagonists significantly increased the severity of petiole necrosis, this might be attributed to the hydrolases produced by the pathogenic and antagonistic fungi synergistically degrading the necrotic petioles.
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All the co-authors would like to thank the TaiShan Scholar Construction Foundation of Shandong Province and the Research Foundation for Advanced Talents in Qingdao Agricultural University (630901) for financial fundings.
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Hu, Y.J., Yang, H.M., **, J. et al. Synergistic activity of antagonistic Trichoderma spp. and Rhizoctonia solani increases disease severity on strawberry petioles. Eur J Plant Pathol 164, 375–389 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-022-02568-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-022-02568-w