SpringerLink
Log in

Cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)—biology, ecology, epidemiology, host-pathogen interaction and control

  • Published:
European Journal of Plant Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cucurbit downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a devastating, worldwide-distributed disease of cucurbit crops in the open field and under cover. This review provides recent data on the taxonomy, biology, ecology, host range, geographic distribution and epidemiology of P. cubensis. Special attention is given to host-pathogen interactions between P. cubensis and its economically-important cucurbit hosts (Cucumis sativus, C. melo, Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima, and Citrullus lanatus); pathogenic variability in P. cubensis at the species, genus, and population levels; and, differentiation of pathotypes and races. Genetics and variability of host resistance and cellular and molecular aspects of such resistance are considered. A focus is given to methods of crop protection, including prevention and agrotechnical aspects, breeding for resistance—classical and transgenic approaches, chemical control and fungicide resistance. Novel technologies in biological and integrated control are also discussed. This review also summarizes the most important topics for future research and international collaboration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackermann, P. (1990). Výskyt a ochrana proti plísni okurkové v Československu (Occurrence and protection against cucurbit downy mildew in Czechoslovakia). In A. Lebeda (Ed.) Plíseň okurková (Cucurbit downy mildew) (pp. 51–61). Praha, Czechoslovakia: Československá vědecká společnost pro mykologii při ČSAV (Czechoslovak Scientific Society for Mycology by Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences).

  • Anand, T., Raguchander, T., Karthikeyan, G., Prakasam, V., & Samiyappan, R. (2007). Chemically and biologically mediated systemic resistance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) against Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Erysiphe cichoracearum. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 46, 259–271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelov, D., Georgiev, P., & Krasteva, L. (2000). Two races of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumbers in Bulgaria. Acta Horticulturae, 510, 81–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2006). Pflanzeschutz Nachrichten Bayer, 59, 2–3 (http://www.bayercropscience.com/BCSWeb/ CropProtection.nsf/id/EN1_Journal).

  • Baider, A., & Cohen, Y. (2003). Synergistic interaction between BABA and Mancozeb in controlling Phytophthora infestans in potato and tomato and Pseudoperonospora cubensis in cucumber. Phytoparasitica, 31, 399–409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bains, S. S., & Jhooty, J. S. (1978). Relationships between mineral nutrition of muskmelon and development of downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Plant and Soil, 49, 85–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bains, S. S., & Sharma, N. K. (1986). Differential response of certain cucurbits to isolates of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and characteristics of identified races. Phytophylactica, 18, 31–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balass, M., Cohen, Y., & Bar-Joseph, M. (1992). Identification of a constitutive 45 kD soluble protein associated with resistance to downy mildew in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) line PI 124111F. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 41, 387–396.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balass, M., Cohen, Y., & Bar-Joseph, M. (1993). Temperature-dependent resistance to downy mildew in muskmelon: structural responses. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 43, 11–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedlan, G. (1989). Erstmaliger Nachweis von Oosporen von Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. et Curt.) Rost. an Gewächshausgurken in Ősterreich. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 3, 119–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, I., Kenigsbuch, D., Galperin, M., Abrameto, J. A., & Cohen, Y. (2009). Cisgenic melons over expressing glyoxylate-aminotransferase are resistant to downy mildew. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 125, 355–365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjoern, G. K., & Kampmann, H. H. (2000). Screening field Riesenchäel cucumbers for resistance to downy mildew: management of interplot interference problems. Acta Horticulturae, 510, 77–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouwmeester, K., van Poppel, P. M. J. A., & Govers, F. (2009). Genome biology cracks enigmas of oomycete plant pathogens. Annual Plant Reviews, 34, 102–133. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caten, C. E. (1987). The concept of race in plant pathology. In M. S. Wolfe & C. E. Caten (Eds.), Populations and plant pathogens: Their dynamics and genetics (pp. 21–37). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y.-J., & Shin, H.-D. (2008). First record of downy mildews caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis on bottle gourd in Korea. Plant Pathology, 57, 371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y.-J., Hong, S.-B., & Shin, H.-D. (2005). A re-consideration of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli based on molecular and morphological data. Mycological Research, 109, 841–848.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. (1976). Quantitation of resistance of cucumbers and cantaloups to Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Phytoparasitica, 4, 25–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. (1977). The combined effects of temperature, leaf wetness, and inoculum concentration on infection of cucumbers with Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Canadian Journal of Botany, 55, 1478–1487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. (1981). Downy mildew of cucurbits. In D. M. Spencer (Ed.), The downy mildews (pp. 341–354). London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. (1992a). Genes and mechanisms of resistance againts fungal pathogens breeding lines of muskmelon. In R. W. Doruchowski, E. Kozik, & K. Niemirowicz-Suczytt (Eds.), Proceedings of Fifth Eucarpia Cucurbitaceae Symposium (pp. 139–141). Poland: Skierniewice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. (1992b). Determination of the sensitivity of Pseudoperonospora cubensis to phenylamides. EPPO Bulletin, 22, 318–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. (2002a). β-aminobutyric acid-induced resistance against plant pathogens. (Feature Article). Plant Disease, 86, 448–457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. (2002b). Populations of Phytophthora infestans in Israel underwent three major genetic changes during 1983–2000. Phytopathology, 92, 300–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., & Coffey, M. D. (1986). Systemic fungicides and the control of Oomycetes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 24, 311–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., & Eyal, H. (1977). Growth and differentiation of sporangia and sporangiophores of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumber cotyledons under various combinations of light and temperature. Physiological Plant Pathology, 10, 93–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., & Eyal, H. (1987). Downy mildew-, powdery mildew- and Fusarium wilt-resistant muskmelon reeding line PI-124111F. Phytoparasitica, 15, 187–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., & Rotem, J. (1971a). Dispersal and viability of sporangia of Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Transactions of British Mycological Society, 57, 67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., & Rotem, J. (1971b). Field and growth chamber approach to epidemiology of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumbers. Phytopathology, 61, 736–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., Perl, M., & Rotem, J. (1971). The effect of darkness and moisture on sporulation of Pseudoperonospora cubensis in cucumbers. Phytopathology, 61, 594–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., Eyal, H., Hanania, J., & Malik, Z. (1989). Ultrastructure of Pseudoperonospora cubensis in muskmelon genotypes susceptible and resistant to downy mildew. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 34, 27–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., Baider, A., & Cohen, B. H. (1995). Dimethomorph activity against oomycete fungal pathogens. Phytopathology, 85, 1500–1506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., Meron, I., Mor, N., & Zuriel, S. (2003). A new pathotype of Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing downy mildew in cucurbits in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 31, 458–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colucci, S. J. (2008). Host range, fungicide resistance and management of Pseudoperonospora cubensis, causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew. MS Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA

  • Constantinescu, O. (2000). The fine structure of the sporangium in Pseudoperonospora humuli (Chromista, Oomycota, Peronosporales). Cryptogamic Mycology, 21, 93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, O. P. R., & Lees, A. K. (2004). Markers, old and new, for examining Phytophthora infestans diversity. Plant Pathology, 53, 692–704.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R. (1981). The host specificity of peronosporaceous fungi and the genetics of the relationship between host and parasite. In D. M. Spencer (Ed.), The downy mildews (pp. 45–56). London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I. R. (1986). Investigations of gene-for-gene relationships: the need for genetic analyses of both host and parasite. Plant Pathology, 35, 15–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, B., & Hausbeck, M. (2009). Epidemiology of downy mildew: a regional and molecular approach. Phytopathology, 99, S172.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, M., & Van den Ackerveken, G. (2009). Fungal and oomycete biotrophy. Annual Plant Reviews, 34, 2009, 102–133. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Waard, M. A., Georgopoulos, S. G., Hollomon, D. W., Ishii, H., Leroux, P., Ragsdale, N. N., et al. (1993). Chemical control of plant diseases: Problems and prospects. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31, 403–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, M. W. (2001a). The peronosporomycetes. In D. J. McLaughlin, E. G. McLaughlin, & P. A. Lemke (Eds.), The mycota VII Part A: Systematics and evolution (pp. 39–72). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, M. W. (2001b). Straminipilous fungi: Systematics of the Peronosporomycetes, including accounts of the marine Straminipilous Protists, the Plasmodiophorids, and similar organisms. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, M. W. (2002a). Towards an understanding of the evolution of the downy mildews. In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, U. Gisi, & A. Lebeda (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research (pp. 1–57). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, M. W. (2002b). Binomials in the peronosporales, sclerosporales and pythiales. In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, U. Gisi, & A. Lebeda (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research (pp. 225–265). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, M. W. (2002c). The Peronosporomycetes and other flagellate fungi. In D. H. Howard (Ed.), Fungi pathogenic for humans and animals: Second edition, revised and expanded (pp. 17–66). Washington: American Society for Microbiology, Marcel Dekker, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doruchowski, R. W., & Lakowska-Ryk, E. (2000). F1 hybrid pickling cucumbers developed for increased yield, earliness and resistance to downy mildew. Acta Horticulturae, 510, 45–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckardt, N. A. (2004). Aminotransferases confer “Enzymatic resistance” to downy mildew in melon. Plant Cell, 15, 1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epinat, C., & Pitrat, M. (1994a). Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in muskmelon (Cucumis melo). I. Analysis of a 8 × 8 diallel table. Agronomie, 14, 239–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epinat, C., & Pitrat, M. (1994b). Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in muskmelon (Cucumis melo). II. Generation means analysis of 5 genitors. Agronomie, 14, 249–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ezuka, A., & Komada, H. (1974). Varietal difference in resistance of cucumber to downy mildew. Bulletin Tokai-Kinki National Agricultural Experiment Station, 27, 42–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellner, M., Binarová, P., & Lebeda, A. (1996). Isolation and fusion of Cucumis sativus and Cucumis melo protoplasts. In M. L. Gómez-Guillamón, C. Soria, J. Cuartero, J. A. Torés, & R. Fernández-Muňoz (Eds.), Cucurbits towards 2000. Proceedings of the VIth Eucarpia Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding (pp. 202–209). May 28–30, 1996, Malaga, Spain.

  • Ferriol, M., & Picó, B. (2008). Pumpkin and winter squash. In J. Prohens & F. Nuez (Eds.), Vegetables I. Asteraceae, brassicaceae, chenopodiaceae, and cucurbitaceae (pp. 317–349). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsberg, A. S. (1986). Downy mildew-Pseudoperonospora cubensis in Swedish cucumber fields. Växtskyddsnotiser, 50, 17–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gajdová, J., Lebeda, A., & Navrátilová, B. (2004). Protoplast cultures of Cucumis and Cucurbita spp. In A. Lebeda, & H. S. Paris (Eds.) Progress in cucurbit genetics and breeding research. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding (pp. 441–454). Olomouc, Czech Republic: Palacký University in Olomouc.

  • Gent, D. H., Mitchell, M. N., & Holmes, G. J. (2009). Genetic and pathogenic relatedness of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli: Implications for detection and management. Phytopathology, 99, S171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gisi, U. (2002). Chemical control of downy mildews. In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, U. Gisi, & A. Lebeda (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research ((pp, Vol. 1, pp. 119–159). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gisi, U., & Sierotzki, H. (2008). Fungicide modes of action and resistance in downy mildews. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 157–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Göker, M., Voglmayr, H., Riethmüller, A., Weiß, M., & Oberwinkler, F. (2003). Taxonomic aspects of Peronosporaceae inferred from Bayesian molecular phylogenetics. Canadian Journal of Botany, 81, 672–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göker, M., Voglmayr, H., Riethmüller, A., & Oberwinkler, F. (2007). How do obligate parasites evolve? A multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of downy mildews. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 44, 105–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardham, A. R. (2007). Cell biology of plant-oomycete interactions. Cellular Microbiology, 9, 31–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, P. (2001). A dictionary of plant pathology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, G. J., & Ojiambo, P. (2009). Chemical control of cucurbit downy mildew: a summary of field experiments in the U.S. Phytopathology, 99, S171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, G. J., & Thomas, C. (2009). The history and re-emergence of cucurbit downy mildew. Phytopathology, 99, S171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, G. J., Main, C. E., & Keever, Z. T., III. (2004). Cucurbit downy mildew: a unique pathosystem for disease forecasting. In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips & M. Jeger (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research, vol. 2 (pp. 69–80). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, G., Wehner, T., & Thornton, A. (2006). An old enemy re-emerges: downy mildew rears its ugly head on cucumber, impacting growers up and down the Eastern U.S. American Vegetable Grower, February, 14–15.

  • Holub, E. B. (2008). Natural history of Arabidopsis thaliana and oomycete symbioses. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 91–109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horejsi, T., Staub, J. E., & Thomas, C. (2000). Linkage of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers to downy mildew resistance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Euphytica, 115, 105–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, S., et al. (2009). The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. Nature Genetics, 41, 1275–1281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, M. B., & van Halteren, F. (1952). Two biological forms of Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Plant Disease Reporter, 36, 365–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inaba, T., Morinaka, T., & Hamaya, E. (1986). Physiological races of Pseudoperonospora cubensis isolated from cucumber and muskmelon in Japan. Bulletin National Institute of Agro-Environmental Science, 2, 35–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanoff, S. C. (1944). Resistance of cantaloupes to downy mildew and the melon aphid. Journal of Heredity, 35, 35–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, Y. (1941). Specialisation in Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. Et Curt.) Rostow. I. Comparative studies on the pathogenicities on the fungi from Cucumis sativus L. and Cucurbita moschata Duch. Annales of Phytopathological Society of Japan, 11, 101–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamadar, M. M., & Desai, S. A. (1999). Reaction of ridgegourd local cultivars against downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. et Curt.) Rostow. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12, 204–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeger, M. J., & Pautasso, M. (2008). Comparative epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 111–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanetis, L., Holmes, G. J., & Ojiambo, P. S. (2010). Survival of Pseudoperonospora cubensis sporangia exposed to solar radiation. Plant Pathology, 59, 313–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenigsbuch, D., & Cohen, Y. (1989). Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew in a gynoecious muskmelon. Plant Disease, 73, 994–996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenigsbuch, D., & Cohen, Y. (1992a). Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew in Cucumis melo PI 124112 and commonality of resistance genes with PI 124111F. Plant Disease, 76, 615–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenigsbuch, D., & Cohen, Y. (1992b). Inheritance and allelism of genes for resistance against races 1 and 2 of Sphaerotheca fuliginea in muskmelons. Plant Disease, 76, 626–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkbride, J. H., Jr. (1993). Biosystematic monograph of the genus Cucumis (Cucurbitaceae). Boone: Parkway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ko, Y., Chen, C. Y., Liu, C. W., Chen, S. S., Maruthasalam, S., & Lin, C. H. (2008). First report of downy mildew by Pseudoperonospora cubensis on chayote (Sechium edule) in Taiwan. Plant Disease, 92, 1706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korbel, E. (1990). Možnost použití biologické ochrany proti plísni okurkové (Possibility of biological control utilisation against cucurbit downy mildew). In A. Lebeda (Ed.), Plíseň okurková (Cucurbit downy mildew) (pp. 62–64). Praha, Czechoslovakia: Československá vědecká společnost pro mykologii při ČSAV (Czechoslovak Scientific Society for Mycology by Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences).

  • Kranz, J. (2003). Comparative epidemiology of plant diseases. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, L., Eden, U., & Olson, L. W. (1989a). Zoosporogenesis in Pseudoperonospora cubensis. The causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew. Nordic Journal of Botany, 8, 497–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, L., Eden, U., & Olson, L. W. (1989b). Internal mycelium of Pseudoperonospora cubensis. The causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew. Nordic Journal of Botany, 8, 505–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, L., Eden, U., & Olson, L. W. (1989c). The zoospore of Pseudoperonospora cubensis. The causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew. Nordic Journal of Botany, 8, 511–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1986a). Epidemic occurrence of Pseudoperonospora cubensis in Czechoslovakia. Temperate Downy Mildews Newsletter, 4, 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1986b). Pseudoperonospora cubensis. In A. Lebeda (Ed.) Metody testování rezistence zelenin vůči rostlinným patogenům (Methods of vegetable resistance screening against pathogens) (pp. 81–85). Olomouc, Czechoslovakia: VHJ Sempra, Research and Breeding Institute for Vegetable Crops.

  • Lebeda, A. (1990). Biologie a ekologie plísně okurkové (Biology and ecology of cucurbit downy mildew). In A. Lebeda (Ed.) Plíseň okurková (Cucurbit downy mildew) (pp. 13–45). Praha, Czechoslovakia: Československá vědecká společnost pro mykologii při ČSAV (Czechoslovak Scientific Society for Mycology by Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences).

  • Lebeda, A. (1991). Resistance in muskmelons to Czechoslovak isolates of Pseudoperonospora cubensis from cucumbers. Scientia Horticulturae, 45, 255–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1992a). Susceptibility of accessions of Cucumis sativus to Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars No. 13 (Annals of Applied Biology, 120 Suppl.), 102–103.

  • Lebeda, A. (1992b). Screening of wild Cucumis species against downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) isolates from cucumbers. Phytoparasitica, 20, 203–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. (1999). Pseudoperonospora cubensis on Cucumis spp. and Cucurbita spp.–resistance breeding aspects. Acta Horticulturae, 492, 363–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Jendrulek, T. (1988). Application of methods of multivariate analysis in comparative epidemiology and research into field resistance. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 95, 495–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Reinink, K. (1991). Variation in the early development of Bremia lactucae on lettuce cultivars with different levels of field resistance. Plant Pathology, 40, 232–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Křístková, E. (1992). Differences in resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis in Cucurbita pepo. In R. W. Doruchowski, E. Kozik, & K. Niemirowicz-Szczytt (Eds.) Proceedings of Fifth Eucarpia Cucurbitaceae Symposium (pp. 175–179). July 27–31, 1992, Skierniewice, Poland: Research Institute for Vegetable Crops

  • Lebeda, A., & Křístková, E. (1993). Resistance of Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita moschata varieties to cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). Plant Varieties and Seeds, 6, 109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Prášil, J. (1994). Susceptibility of Cucumis sativus cultivars to Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 29, 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Schwinn, F. J. (1994). The downy mildews—an overview of recent research progress. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 101, 225–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Doležal, K. (1995). Peroxidase isozyme polymorphism as a potential marker for detection of field resistance in Cucumis sativus to cucumber downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. et Curt.) Rostov.). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 102, 467–471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Křístková, E. (2000). Interactions between morphotypes of Cucurbita pepo and obligate biotrophs (Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fuliginea). Acta Horticulturae, 510, 219–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Gadasová, V. (2002). Pathogenic variation of Pseudoperonospora cubensis in the Czech Republic and some other european countries. Acta Horticulturae, 588, 137–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Widrlechner, M. P. (2003). A set of Cucurbitaceae taxa for differentiation of P. cubensis pathotypes. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 110, 337–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Urban, J. (2004a). Disease impact and pathogenicity variation in Czech populations of Pseudoperonospora cubensis. In A. Lebeda, & H. S. Paris (Eds.), Progress in cucurbit genetics and breeding research. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8 th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding (pp. 267–273). Olomouc, Czech Republic: Palacký University in Olomouc.

  • Lebeda, A., & Urban, J. (2004b). Distribution, harmfulness and pathogenic variability of cucurbit downy mildew in the Czech Republic. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 7, 170–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Widrlechner, M. P. (2004). Response of wild and weedy Cucurbita L. to pathotypes of Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. et Curt.) Rostov. (Cucurbit downy mildew). In P. Spencer-Phillips & M. Jeger (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research, Vol. 2 (pp. 203–210). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., & Urban, J. (2005). Ochrana okurek a dalších tykvovitých zelenin vůči plísni okurkové (Protection of cucumbers and other cucurbitaceous vegetables to cucurbit downy mildew). In F. Kocourek et al. (Eds.) Metodika pro integrovaný systém ochrany polní zeleniny vůči škodlivým organismům (Methods for integrated system of field vegetables protection to dangerous organisms) (pp. 24–38). Olomouc, Czech Republic: Zelinářská unie Čech a Moravy, Olomouc (Vegetables Grower Union of Bohemia and Moravia).

  • Lebeda, A., & Urban, J. (2007). Temporal changes in pathogenicity and fungicide resistance in Pseudoperonospora cubensis populations. Acta Horticulturae, 731, 327–336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Křístková, E., & Kubaláková, M. (1996). Interspecific hybridization of Cucumis sativus × Cucumis melo as potential way to transfer resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis. In M. L. Gómez-Guillamón, C. Soria, J. Cuartero, J. A. Torés, & R. Fernández-Muňoz (Eds.) Cucurbits towards 2000. Proceedings of the VIth Eucarpia Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding (pp. 31–37), May 28–30, 1996, Malaga, Spain.

  • Lebeda, A., Kubaláková, M., Křístková, E., Navrátilová, B., Doležal, K., Doležel, J., et al. (1999). Morphological and physiological characteristics of plants issued from an interspecific hybridization of Cucumis sativus × Cucumis melo. Acta Horticulturae, 492, 149–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Luhová, L., Sedlářová, M., & Jančová, D. (2001a). The role of enzymes in plant—fungal pathogens interactions. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 108, 89–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Pink, D. A. C., & Mieslerová, B. (2001b). Host-parasite specificity and defense variability in the Lactuca spp.-Bremia lactucae pathosystem. Journal of Plant Pathology, 83, 25–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Pink, D. A. C., & Astley, D. (2002). Aspects of the interactions between wild Lactuca spp. and related genera and lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae). In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, U. Gisi, & A. Lebeda (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research (pp. 85–118). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Štěpánková, J., & Urban, J. (2006a). Plíseň okurky (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)—taxonomie, biologie, ekologie, interakce hostitel-patogen a možnosti ochrany (Cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)—taxonomy, biology, ecology, host-pathogen interactions and possibilities of protection). In A. Lebeda, J. Mazáková, & V. Táborský (Eds.) Protozoa a Chromista. Taxonomie, biologie a hospodářský význam (Protozoa and Chromista. Taxonomy, biology and economical impact) (pp. 47–78). Praha, Czech Republic: Česká fytopatologická společnost (Czech Phytopathological Society).

  • Lebeda, A., Widrlechner, M. P., & Urban, J. (2006b). Individual and population aspects of interactions between cucurbits and Pseudoperonospora cubensis: pathotypes and races. In G. J. Holmes (Ed.), Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2006 (pp. 453–467). Raleigh: Universal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Štěpánková, J., Kršková, M., & Widrlechner, M.P. (2007a) Resistance in Cucumis melo germplasm to Pseudoperonospora cubensis pathotypes. In A. Lebeda, & P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips (Eds.) Advances in Downy Mildew Research, Vol. 3. Proceedings of The 2nd International Downy Mildews Symposium (pp. 157–167.). Olomouc and Kostelec na Hané, Czech Republic: Palacký University in Olomouc and JOLA, v.o.s.

  • Lebeda, A., Widrlechner, M. P., Staub, J., Ezura, H., Zalapa, J., & Křístková, E. (2007b). Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumis spp., Cucurbita spp., Citrullus spp.), Chapter 8. In R. Singh (Ed.), Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement series, volume 3—vegetable crops (pp. 273–377). Boca Raton: CRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Petrželová, I., & Maryška, Z. (2008a). Structure and variation in the wild-plant pathosystem: Lactuca serriola-Bremia lactucae. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 127–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A., Sedlářová, M., Petřivalský, M., & Prokopová, J. (2008b). Diversity of defence mechanisms in plant-oomycete interactions: a case study of Lactuca spp. and Bremia lactucae. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 71–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Limpert, E., Clifford, B., Dreiseitl, A., Johnson, R., Müller, K., Roelfs, A., et al. (1994). Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens. Journal of Phytopathology, 140, 359–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenthal, M., Steiner, U., Dehne, H. W., & Oerke, E. C. (2005). Effect of downy mildew development on transpiration of cucumber leaves visualized by digital infrared thermography. Phytopathology, 95, 233–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahrisi, R. P., & Siradhana, B. S. (1984). On the occurrence of oospores of Pseudoperonospora cubensis in Rajasthan, India. Indian Phytopathology, 37, 323–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahrisi, R. P., & Siradhana, B. S. (1988). Effect of nutrition on downy mildew disease caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostow. on muskmelon. Annals of Arid Zone, 27, 153–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Main, C. E., Keever, T., Holmes, G. V., & Davis, J. M. (2001). Forecasting long-range transport of downy mildew spores and plant disease epidemics. APS net Feature Story April 25 through May 31. http://www.apsnet.org/ online/future/forecast/

  • Mauch-Mani, B. (2002). Host resistance to downy mildew diseases. In P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, U. Gisi, & A. Lebeda (Eds.), Advances in downy mildew research (pp. 59–83). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Medvedeva, N. I., & Medvedev, A. V. (1983). Agronomic and biological assessment of cucumber varieties with potential for breeding for resistance to downy mildew. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike, Genetike i Selekcii, 77, 25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelmore, R. W. (1981). Sexual and asexual sporulation in the downy mildews. In D. M. Spencer (Ed.), The downy mildews (pp. 165–181). London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelmore, R., & Wong, J. (2008). Classical and molecular genetics of Bremia lactucae, cause of lettuce downy mildew. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 19–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, M. N., Ocamb, C., & Gent, D. (2009). Addressing the relationship between Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli by multigenic characterization and host specificity. Phytopathology, 99, S87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moravec, J., Lebeda, A., & Křístková, E. (2004). History of growing and breeding of cucurbitaceaous vegetables in Czech Lands. In A. Lebeda, & H. S. Paris (Eds.), Progress in cucurbit genetics and breeding research. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding (pp. 21–38). Olomouc, Czech Republic: Palacký University in Olomouc.

  • Nusbaum, C. J. (1944). The seasonal spread and development of cucurbit downy mildew in the Atlantic coastal states. Plant Disease, 28, 82–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nusbaum, C. J. (1948). A summary of cucurbit downy mildew reports from Atlantic coastal states in 1947. Plant Disease, 32, 44–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oerke, E. C., Steiner, U., Dehne, H. W., & Lindenthal, M. (2006). Thermal imaging of cucumber leaves affected by downy mildew and environmental conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 2121–2132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ojiambo, P., Kanetis, L., & Holmes, G. (2009). Forecasting long distance movement of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and the Cucurbit ipmPIPE. Phytopathology, 99, S171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada, K., & Furukawa, M. (2008). Occurrence and countermeasure of fungicide-resistant pathogens in vegetable field of Osaka prefecture. Journal of Pesticide Science, 33, 326–329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olaya, G., Kuhn, P., Hert, A., Holmes, G., & Colucci, S. (2009). Fungicide resistance in cucurbit downy mildew. Phytopathology, 99, S171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovadia, A., Biton, R., & Cohen, Y. (2000). Induced resistance to downy mildew and Fusarium wilt in cucurbits. In N. Katzir, & H. S. Paris (Eds.) “Proceedings of 7 th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding”. Acta Horticulture, 510, 55–59.

  • Palti, J., & Cohen, Y. (1980). Downy mildew of cucurbits (Pseudoperonospora cubensis): The fungus and its hosts, distribution, epidemiology and control. Phytoparasitica, 8, 109–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paris, H. S. (2008). Summer squash. In J. Prohens & F. Nuez (Eds.), Vegetables I. Asteraceae, brassicaceae, chenopodiaceae, and cucurbitaceae (pp. 351–379). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perchepied, L., Bardin, M., Dogimont, C., & Pitrat, M. (2005). Relationship between loci conferring downy mildew and powdery mildew resistance in melon assessed by quantitative trait loci map**. Phytopathology, 95, 556–565.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perl, M., Cohen, Y., & Rotem, J. (1972). The effect of humidity during darkness on the transfer of assimilates from cucumber leaves to sporangia of Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Physiological Plant Pathology, 2, 113–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. E. (1975). Plant introduction in the improvement of vegetable cultivars. HortScience, 10, 575–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrov, L., Boogert, K., Sheck, L., Baider, A., Rubin, E., & Cohen, Y. (2000). Resistance to downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, in cucumbers. Acta Horticulturae, 510, 203–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitrat, M. (1990). Gene list for Cucumis melo L. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative, 13, 58–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitrat, M. (2008). Melon. In J. Prohens & F. Nuez (Eds.), Vegetables I. Asteraceae, brassicaceae, chenopodiaceae, and cucurbitaceae (pp. 283–315). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pivovarov, V. F. (1984). Breeding cucumber for disease resistance using different ecological conditions. Selekcia i Semenovodstvo USSR, 10, 20–22 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pivovarov, V. F., & Kudelich, V. S. (1985). Using the VIR collection in breeding cucumber for downy mildew resistance in the Republic of Cuba. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike, Genetike i Selekcii, 92, 97–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portz, D., Koch, E., & Slusarenko, A. J. (2008). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) juice containing allicin on Phytophthora infestans and downy mildew of cucumber caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 197–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, Y., et al. (2009). An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map of the cucumber genome. PloS ONE, 4, e5795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reuveni, M., Eyal, H., & Cohen, Y. (1980). Development of resistance to metalaxyl in Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Plant Disease, 64, 1108–1109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reuveni, R., Shimoni, M., & Karchi, Z. (1990). A rapid assay for monitoring peroxidase-activity in melon as a marker for resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Journal of Phytopathology, 129, 333–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riethmüller, A., Voglmayr, A., Göker, M., Weiß, M., & Oberwinkler, F. (2002). Phylogenetic relationships of the downy mildews (Peronosporales) and related groups based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia, 94, 834–849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. W., & Decker-Walters, D. S. (1997). Cucurbits. Wallingford: CAB International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rod, J. (1990). Principy chemické ochrany (Principles of chemical control). In A. Lebeda (Ed.) Plíseň okurková (Cucurbit downy mildew) (pp. 46–50). Praha, Czechoslovakia: Československá vědecká společnost pro mykologii při ČSAV.

  • Royle, D. J., & Kremheller, H Th. (1981). Downy mildew of the hop. In D. M. Spencer (Ed.), The downy mildews (pp. 395–419). London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubatzky, V. E., & Yamaguchi, M. (1997). World vegetables. Principles, production and nutritive values (2nd ed.). New York: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runge, F., & Thines, M. (2009). A potential perennial host for Pseudoperonospora cubensis in temperate regions. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 123, 483–486.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salti, M., Wong, M. Y., Sariah, M., & Masdek, H. N. (2010). First report of Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing downy mildew of Trichosanthes cucumerina in Malaysia. Plant Disease, 94, 642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarris, P.F., Abdelhalim, M., Kitner, M., Skandalis, N., Panopoulos, N.J., Doulis, A.G., & Lebeda, A. (2009). Molecular polymorphism between populations of Pseudoperonospora cubensis from Greece and the Czech Republic and their phytopathological and phylogenetic implications. Plant Pathology (doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02093.x)

  • Savory, E. A., Tian, M., Erhardt, C., Hausbeck, M., Hammerschmidt, R., & Day, B. (2008). An integrative approach to characterizing the cucumber–Pseudoperonospora cubensis interaction. Phytopathology, 98 (June, Supplement), S140.

  • Shashikumar, K. T., Pitchaimuthu, M., & Rawal, R. D. (2010). Generation mean analysis of resistance to downy mildew in adult muskmelon plants. Euphytica, 173, 121–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shetty, N. V., Wehner, T. C., Thomas, C. E., Doruchowski, R. W., & Shetty, K. P. W. (2002). Evidence for downy mildew races in cucumber tested in Asia, Europe, and North America. Scientia Horticulturae, 94, 231–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shtienberg, D., Elad, Y., Bornstein, M., Ziv, G., Grava, A., & Cohen, S. (2010). Polyethylene mulch modifies greenhouse microclimate and reduces infection of Phytophthora infestans in tomato and Pseudoperonospora cubensis in cucumber. Phytopathology, 100, 97–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, P. P., & Sokhi, S. S. (1989). 1st report of occurrence of oospores of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on 2 cucurbitaceous hosts. Current Science, 58, 1330–1331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. D., & Singh, J. P. (1998). Improvement and cultivation: Lagenaria and Luffa. In N. M. Naynar & T. A. More (Eds.), Cucurbits (pp. 199–204). Enfield: Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitterly, W. R. (1972). Breeding of disease resistance in cucurbits. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 10, 471–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skalický, V. (1961). Plíseň okurková–Peronoplasmopara cubensis. In J. Benada, & J. Špaček (Eds.) Zemědělská fytopatologie, díl III-Choroby zeleniny (Agricultural phytopathology, vol. III–diseases of vegetable crops) (pp. 390–393). Praha, Czechoslovakia: Státní zemědělské nakladatelství.

  • Skalický, V. (1966). Taxonomie der Gattungen der Familie Peronosporaceae. Preslia, 38, 117–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skálová, D., Lebeda, A., & Navrátilová, B. (2004). Embryo and ovule cultures in Cucumis species and their utilization in interspecific hybridization. In A. Lebeda, & H. S. Paris (Eds.), Progress in cucurbit genetics and breeding research. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding (pp. 415–430). Olomouc, Czech Republic: Palacký University in Olomouc.

  • Skidmore, D. I., & Ingram, D. S. (1985). Conidial morphology and the specialization of Bremia lactucae Regel (Peronosporaceae) on hosts in the family Compositae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 91, 503–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slusarenko, A. J., & Schlaich, N. L. (2003). Downy mildew of Arabidopsis thaliana caused by Hyaloperonospora parasitica (formerly Peronospora parasitica). Molecular Plant Pathology, 4, 159–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, G., & Corley, W. L. (1974). PI 321005 (Tainan 2), a high quality source of resistance to three cantaloupe diseases. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 899–902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staub, J. E., Robbins, M. D., & Wehner, T. C. (2008). Cucumber. In J. Prohens & F. Nuez (Eds.), Vegetables I. Asteraceae, brassicaceae, chenopodiaceae, and cucurbitaceae (pp. 241–282). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Švábová, L., & Lebeda, A. (2005). In vitro selection for improved plant resistance to toxin-producing pathogens. Journal of Phytopathology, 153, 52–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tahvonen, R. (1985). Downy mildew of cucurbits found for the first time in Finland. Växtskyddsnotiser, 49, 42–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taler, D., Galperin, M., Benjamin, I., Cohen, Y., & Kenigsbuch, D. (2004). Plant eR genes that encode photorespiratory enzymes confer resistance against disease. Plant Cell, 16, 172–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur, R. P., & Mathur, K. (2002). Downy mildews of India. Crop Protection, 21, 333–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. E. (1970). Sporulation of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on watermelon. Plant Disease Reporter, 54, 108–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. E. (1982). Resistance to downy mildew in Cucumis melo plant introductions and American cultivars. Plant Disease, 66, 500–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. E. (1986). Downy and powdery mildew resistant muskmelon breeding line MR-1. HortScience, 21, 329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. E. (1996). Downy mildew. In T. A. Zitter, D. L. Hopkins, & C. E. Thomas (Eds.), Compendium of cucurbit diseases (pp. 25–27). St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. E., Cohen, Y., Jourdain, E. L., & Eyal, H. (1987a). Use of reaction types to identify downy mildew resistance in muskmelons. HortScience, 22, 638–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. E., Cohen, Y., Mc Creight, Y. D., Jourdion, E. L., & Cohen, S. (1987b). Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew in Cucumis melo. Plant Disease, 72, 33–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. E., Inaba, T., & Cohen, Y. (1987c). Physiological specialization in Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Phytopathology, 77, 1621–1624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlin, C. D. S. (2003). The pesticide manual (thirteenthth ed.). Alton: British Crop Protection Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban, J., & Lebeda, A. (2004). Differential sensitivity to fungicides in Czech populations of Pseudoperonospora cubensis. In A. Lebeda, & H. S. Paris (Eds.) Progress in cucurbit genetics and breeding research. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding (pp. 275–280). Olomouc, Czech Republic: Palacký University in Olomouc.

  • Urban, J., & Lebeda, A. (2006). Fungicide resistance in cucurbit downy mildew—methodological, biological and population aspects. Annals of Applied Biology, 149, 63–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urban, J., & Lebeda, A. (2007). Variation for fungicide resistance in Czech populations of Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Journal of Phytopathology, 155, 143–151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veselý, D. (1977). Potential biological control of dam**-off pathogens in emerging sugar beet by Pythium oligandrum Drechsler. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 94, 113–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voglmayr, H. (2003). Phylogenetic study of Peronospora and related genera based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Mycological Research, 107, 1132–1142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voglmayr, H. (2008). Progress and challenges in systematics of downy mildews and white blister rusts: new insights from genes and morphology. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voglmayr, H., & Greilhuber, J. (1998). Genome size determination in Peronosporales (Oomycota) by Feulgen Image Analysis. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 25, 181–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voglmayr, H., Riethmüller, A., Göker, M., Weiß, M., & Oberwinkler, F. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships of Plasmopara, Bremia and other genera of downy mildews with pyriform haustoria based on Bayesan analysis of partial LSU rDNA sequence data. Mycological Research, 108, 1011–1024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walz, A., & Simon, O. (2008). β-aminobutyric acid-induced resistance in cucumber against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Journal of Phytopathology, 157, 356–361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Ben-Daniel, B. H., & Cohen, Y. (2004). Control of plant diseases by extracts of Inula viscosa. Phytopathology, 94, 1042–1047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H. C., Zhou, M. G., Wang, J. X., Chen, C. J., Li, H. X., & Sun, H. Y. (2009). Biological mode of action of dimethomorph on Pseudoperonospora cubensis and its systemic activity in cucumber. Agricultural Sciences in China, 8, 172–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterhouse, G. M., & Brothers, M. P. (1981). The taxonomy of Pseudoperonospora. Mycological Papers, 148, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehner, T. C. (2008). Watermelon. In J. Prohens & F. Nuez (Eds.), Vegetables I. Asteraceae, brassicaceae, chenopodiaceae, and cucurbitaceae (pp. 381–418). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehner, T. C., & Shetty, N. V. (1997). Downy mildew resistance of the cucumber germplasm collection in North Carolina field tests. Crop Science, 37, 1331–1340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winstead, N. N., Aycock, R., & Jenkins, J. M. (1957). Reactions of watermelon plant introductions and varieties to downy mildew in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 41, 620–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X. T., Li, M., Zhao, Ch, Zhang, Z., & Hou, Y. L. (2007). Early warning model for cucumber downy mildew in unheated greenhouses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 50, 1261–1268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeon, I. K. (2007). Incidence of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on winter grown oriental melon (Cucumis melo) in vinyl houses in Korea. In A. Lebeda, & P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips (Eds.), Advances in Downy Mildew Research, Vol. 3. Proceedings of The 2 nd International Downy Mildews Symposium (pp. 217–222.). Olomouc and Kostelec na Hané, Czech Republic: Palacký University in Olomouc and JOLA, v.o.s.

  • Yeon, I. K., Shin, Y. S., Do, H. W., Bae, S. G., & Park, S. D. (2002). Occurrence and chemical control of downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis Rostovzev) infecting oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Makino) in plastic greenhouse. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology, 20, 25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacha, V., Janýška, A., & Holman, B. (1985). Epifytócia plesne uhorkovej (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. et Curt.) Rost.) v ČSSR v roku 1984. Sborník ÚVTIZ-Ochrana rostlin, 21, 226.

  • Zaker, M., & Ommati, F. (1991). Observation of oospores of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumber leaves in Iran. Iran Journal of Plant Pathology, 27, 62–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Yan-ju, Qin, Zhi-wei, & Zhou, **u-yan (2006). Study on the over-wintering of cucumber downy mildew in Heilongjiang province of China. Abstracts, 27th International Horticultural Congress & Exhibition, August 13–19, 2006, COEX (Convention & Exhibition), Seoul, Korea; ISHS and KSHS, S11-P-51, p. 376.

  • Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y. J., & Zhou, M. G. (2008). Occurrence and molecular characterization of azoxystrobin resistance in cucumber downy mildew in Shandong province in China. Phytoparasitica, 36, 136–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, C. J., Li, M., Han, X., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2007). Analysis and monitoring for epidemic system as a basis for cucumber downy mildew warning in greenhouse. Progress of Information Technology in Agriculture, pp. 527–532.

  • Zhou, X. H., Wan, H. J., Qian, C. T., & Chen, J. F. (2008). Development and characterization of Cucumis sativus-hystrix introgression lines exhibiting resistance to downy mildew. In M. Pitrat (Ed.), Cucurbitaceae 2008. Proceedings of the IXth EUCARPIA Meeting on Genetics and Breeding of Cucurbitaceae (pp. 353–358). Avignon: NRA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, S. S., Liu, P. F., Liu, X. L., Li, J. Q., Yuan, S. K., & Sil, N. G. (2008). Assessing the risk of resistance in Pseudoperonospora cubensis to the fungicide flumorph in vitro. Pest Management Science, 64, 255–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank G. J. Holmes (North Carolina, USA) for his valuable critiques of our report.Preparation of this review was supported by grants MSM 6198959215 and QH 71229. Some P. cubensis isolates used in this research are deposited in the Czech National Collection of Microorganisms (http://www.vurv.cz/collections/vurv.exe/) at Palacký University in Olomouc, Department of Botany (http://botany.upol.cz).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Aleš Lebeda

  2. Bar Ilan University, Faculty of Life Sciences, 52100, Ramat Gan, Israel

    Yigal Cohen

Authors
  1. Aleš Lebeda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yigal Cohen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aleš Lebeda.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lebeda, A., Cohen, Y. Cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)—biology, ecology, epidemiology, host-pathogen interaction and control. Eur J Plant Pathol 129, 157–192 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-010-9658-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-010-9658-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation