Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) composite filter papers were fabricated by a facile method, which consists of the bleaching and hydrolysis of fibers, and drop coating of filter papers with CNC solution. The filter properties of the composite filter papers were applied for the removal of bacteria from aqueous solutions. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were used to evaluate the bacteria removal performance of the CNC composite filter papers. It is indicated that the nanopores formed by nanoscale rod-like crystals contribute to the bacteria removal capacity of porous CNC nanocomposite filter papers. Overlapped five layers of the CNC composite filter papers displayed a rapid (0.12 L/min) and highly efficient removal (remove rate at ~ 100%) of bacteria from aqueous solutions. Due to their advantages of convenient preparation, sustainable materials and low cost, the CNC composite filter papers have promising prospects and potential applications in many fields concerning bacteria removal and water purification.
Graphic abstract
![](http://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10570-019-02620-9/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2620_Figa_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10570-019-02620-9/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2620_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10570-019-02620-9/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2620_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10570-019-02620-9/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2620_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10570-019-02620-9/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2620_Fig4_HTML.png)
References
Abitol T, Kloser E (2013) Estimation of the surface sulfur content of cellulose nanocrystals prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 20:785–794
Brown EE, Laborie MPG, Zhang J (2012) Glutaraldehyde treatment of bacterial cellulose/fibrin composites: impact on morphology, tensile and visoelastic properties. Cellulose 19:27–137
Budd J, Herrington TM (1989) Surface charge and surface area of cellulose fibres. Colloids Surf 36:273–288
Cabral JPS (2010) Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7:3657–3703
Ching YC, Ershad Ali M, Abdullah LC, Choo KW, Kuan YC, Julaihi SJ, Chuah CH, Liou NS (2016) Rheological properties of cellulose nanocrystal-embedded polymer composites: a review. Cellulose 23:1011–1030
d’Halluin M, Rull-Barrull J, Bretel G, Labrugère C, Le Grognec E, Felpin FX (2017) Chemically modified cellulose filter paper for heavy metal remediation in water. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:1965–1973
De France KJ, Hoare T, Cranston ED (2017) Review of hydrogels and aerogels containing nanocellulose. Chem Mater 29:4609–4631
Dong XM, Kimura T, Revol JF, Gray DG (1996) Effects of ionic strength on the isotropic–chiral nematic phase transition of suspensions of cellulose crystallites. Langmuir 12:2076–2082
Heydarifard S, Nazhad MM, **ao H, Shipin O, Olson J (2016) Water-resistant cellulosic filter for aerosol entrapment and water purification, Part I: production of water-resistant cellulosic filter. Environ Technol 37:1716–1722
Heydarifard S, Pan Y, **ao H, Nazhad MM, Shipin O (2017) Water-resistant cellulosic filter containing non-leaching antimicrobial starch for water purification and disinfection. Carbohydr Polym 163:146–152
Heydarifard S, Taneja K, Bhanjana G, Dilbaghi N, Nazhad MM, Kim KH, Kumar S (2018) Modification of cellulose foam paper for use as a high-quality biocide disinfectant filter for drinking water. Carbohydr Polym 181:1086–1092
Hubbe MA, Ferrer A, Tyagi P, Yin Y, Salas C, Pal L, Rojas OJ (2017) Nanocellulose in thin films, coatings, and plies for packaging applications: a review. BioResources 12:2143–2233
Jain P, Pradeep T (2005) Potential of silver nanoparticle-coated polyurethane foam as an antibacterial water filter. Biotechnol Bioeng 90:59–63
Khoo RZ, Chow WS, Ismail H (2018) Sugarcane bagasse fiber and its cellulose nanocrystals for polymer reinforcement and heavy metal adsorbent: a review. Cellulose 25:4303–4330
Kimura F, Kimura T, Tamura M, Hirai A, Ikuno M, Horii F (2005) Magnetic alignment of the chiral nematic phase of a cellulose microfibril suspension. Langmuir 21:2034–2037
Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, Lindström T, Ankerfors M, Gray D, Dorris A (2011) Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 50:5438–5466
Kumar A, Negi YS, Choudhary V, Bhardwaj NK (2014) Characterization of cellulose nanocrystals produced by acid-hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste. J Mater Phys Chem 2:1–8
Mandal A, Chakrabarty D (2011) Isolation of nanocellulose from waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its characterization. Carbohydr Polym 86:1291–1299
Mansur-Azzam N, Hosseinidoust Z, Woo SG, Vyhnalkova R, Eisenberg A, van de Ven TGM (2014) Bacteria survival probability in bactericidal filter paper. Colloids Surf B 117:383–388
Metreveli G, Wågberg L, Emmoth E, Belák S, Strømme M, Mihranyan A (2014) Virus removal: a size-exclusion nanocellulose filter paper for virus removal. Adv Healthc Mater 3:1546–1550
Oh SY, Yoo DI, Shin Y, Kim HC, Kim HY, Chung YS, Park WH, Youk JH (2005) Crystalline structure analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide by means of X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 340:2376–2391
Praveena SM, Karuppiah K, Than LTL (2018) Potential of cellulose paper coated with silver nanoparticles: a benign option for emergency drinking water filter. Cellulose 25:2647–2658
Rosa MF, Medeiros ES, Malmonge JA, Gregorski KS, Wood DF, Mattoso LHC, Glenn G, Orts WJ, Imam SH (2010) Cellulose nanowhiskers from coconut husk fibers: effect of preparation conditions on their thermal and morphological behavior. Carbohydr Polym 81:83–92
Saravia F, Klüpfel A, Zamora Richard A, Frimmel FH (2013) Identification of nanofiltration fouling layer constituents. Desalination Water Treat 51:6921–6928
Wang Z, Dou B, Zheng L, Zhang G, Liu Z, Hao Z (2012) Effective desalination by capacitive deionization with functional graphene nanocomposite as novel electrode material. Desalination 299:96–102
Xu W, Wang X, Sandler N, Willför S, Xu C (2018) Three-dimensional printing of wood-derived biopolymers: a review focused on biomedical applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:5663–5680
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China (Grant Nos. 51861145307, 31700859, 31661143030, and 31470956), the Doctoral Fund of Education Ministry of China, China (Grant No. 2018M633524), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, W., Chen, F., Zhang, G. et al. Fabrication of cellulose nanocrystal composite filter papers for rapid and highly efficient removal of bacteria from aqueous solutions. Cellulose 26, 7027–7035 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02620-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02620-9