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Exhaustive study of three-time periods of solar activity due to single active regions: sunspot, flare, CME, and geo-effectiveness characteristics

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Abstract

In this paper, we present the multi-wavelength study of a high level of solar activity during which a single active region produced multiple flares/CMEs. According to the sunspot observations, the current solar cycle 24 manifest to be less intense in comparison with the previous recent sunspot cycles. In the course of the current sunspot cycle 24, several small and large sunspot groups have produced various moderate and intense flare/CME events. There are a few active regions with a large number of flaring activities passed across the visible disk of the Sun during 2012-2015. In this study, we consider the three periods 22-29 Oct 2013, 01-08 Nov 2013, and 25 Oct-08-Nov 2014, during which 228 flares have been observed. Considering only active regions near the central part of the disk, 59 CMEs (halo or partial) have been reported among which only 39 events are associated with flares. We conclude that an active region with a larger area, more complex morphology and stronger magnetic field has a comparatively higher possibility of producing extremely fast CMEs (speed \(>1500\) km/sec). So that among the 5 X class flares of the reported periods, 3 of them (60%) are associated with a CME. The lift-off time for CME-flare associated events has a +15 to +30 minute time interval range after the occurrence time of associated flares suggesting that the flares produce the CMEs. Additionally, we compiled the geomagnetic storms occurring within 1-5 days after the CME onset. 10% of the 59 CMEs are related to a magnetic storm but all are moderate storms.

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Data availability

The confirmation of Associated phenomena with reported CME such as the solar flare, radio burst, interplanetary disturbances and geo-effectiveness analysed using observation available from various space and ground based instruments and data are available taken from https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/space-weather/solar-data/solar-features/solar-flares/x-rays/goes/xrs/; http://www.e-callisto.org/; http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/aedstcited.html; https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html etc.

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Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge to NASA’s open data policy for SOHO, STEREO, SDO and WIND data. We acknowledge the NOAA/NGDC for making the GOES soft X-ray and Dst data available to be included in the CME catalog of LASCO/SOHO available at NASA’s CDAW data warehouse https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list/. We are gratefully acknowledge support and advice from Dr, Bhuwan Joshi Sir (Scientist, Udaipur Solar Observatory, PRL, Udaipur).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Department of Physics, Rewa, MP, India

    Shirsh Lata Soni, Radhe Syam Gupta & Pyare Lal Verma

  2. KSKGRL, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Prayagraj, UP, India

    Shirsh Lata Soni & Manohar Lal Yadav

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  1. Shirsh Lata Soni
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Soni, S.L., Yadav, M.L., Gupta, R.S. et al. Exhaustive study of three-time periods of solar activity due to single active regions: sunspot, flare, CME, and geo-effectiveness characteristics. Astrophys Space Sci 365, 189 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-020-03905-3

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