Abstract
The present study investigated the integration of halophytes in IMTA as extractive species on the water quality, growth, digestive, and antioxidant activity of Penaeus monodon and Chanos chanos in earthen ponds for 120 days. The experimental setup consisted of three treatments: control (C) and two different halophyte-based IMTA treatments, T1 and T2, randomly assigned to nine earthen ponds (200 m−2) in three replicates. All treatments were uniformly stocked with P. monodon (Post larve 12) and C. chanos (13.4–14 g); in addition to these, T1 had Avicennia officinalis and Meretrix casta and T2 had Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Meretrix casta as extractive species. The average final body weights of P. monodon (32.01 ± 0.27 g) and C. chanos (94.18 ± 1 g) were found in the A. officinalis based IMTA treatment (T1). T1 also had shown a significant (p < 0.05) reductions in total ammonia nitrogen (97.5%), nitrite-N (NO2-N) (56.1%), and nitrate (NO3-N) (41.1%). Biological oxygen demand (BOD) (3.17 ± 0.15 ppm), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (25 ± 0.58 mg L−1), and total suspended solids (TSS) (20 ± 1.15 mg L−1) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in T1. Digestive enzyme activity in shrimp and fish was higher in T1 and T2. A decrease in catalase and SOD enzyme activities was observed in T1 and T2. Halophyte-and M. casta-based IMTA treatments (T1 and T2) showed a decrease in the total Vibrio and heterotrophic bacterial counts. The present research findings elucidated that halophytes as extractive species can be beneficial in brackishwater IMTA systems to maintain water quality, improve the health status of cultivated organisms, and increase aquaculture productivity.
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The authors are grateful to the Director ICAR-CIFE, Mumbai, for providing the fund and facilities to carry out the experiment. The authors are also thankful to the field staff of ICAR-CIFE, Kakinada centre, Andhra Pradesh for their constant help and support.
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Rathod Kumara: Conceptualization, conducting experiments, Data collection & analysis, writing & editing. K. Syamala: Conceptualization, Supervision, data analysis, manuscript editing. P.S. Shyne Anand: Supervision, data analysis, manuscript writing, and editing. N. K. Chadha: Supervision, analysis, writing & editing. P. B. Sawant: Analysis, writing, and editing. Pooja Chithira: Draft writing, analysis, and editing. A.P. Muralidhar: Conceptualization, Experimental design, Supervision, Data analysis, manuscript writing & editing.
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Kumara, R., Syamala, K., Shyne Anand, P.S. et al. Halophyte and bivalve-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA): effect on growth, water quality, digestive and antioxidant enzymes of Penaeus monodon and Chanos chanos reared in brackishwater ponds. Aquacult Int 32, 1927–1953 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01251-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01251-z