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Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thyreophagus entomophagus and Acarus siro (Sarcoptiformes: Astigmatina) provide insight into mitogenome features, evolution, and phylogeny among Acaroidea mites

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Abstract

Mites from the Acaroidea (Sarcoptiformes: Astigmatina) are important pests of various stored products, posing potential threats to preserved foods. In addition, mites can cause allergic diseases. Complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are valuable resources for different research fields, including comparative genomics, molecular evolutionary analysis, and phylogenetic inference. We sequenced and annotated the complete mitogenomes of Thyreophagus entomophagus and Acarus siro. A comparative analysis was made between mitogenomic sequences from 10 species representing nine genera within Acaroidea. The mitogenomes of T. entomophagus and A. siro contained 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and one control region. In Acaroidea species, mitogenomes have highly conserved gene size and order, and codon usage. Among Acaroidea mites, most PCGs were found to be under purifying selection, implying that most PCGs might have evolved slowly. Our findings showed that nad4 evolved most rapidly, whereas cox1 and cox3 evolved most slowly. The evolutionary rates of Acaroidea vary considerably across families. In addition, selection analyses were also performed in 23 astigmatid mite species, and the evolutionary rate of the same genes in different superfamilies exhibited large differences. Phylogenetic results are mostly consistent with those identified by previous phylogenetic studies on astigmatid mites. The monophyly of Acaroidea was rejected, and the Suidasiidae and Lardoglyphidae appeared to deviate from the Acaroidea branch. Our research proposed a review of the current Acaroidea classification system.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due [the mitogenomes of Thyreophagus entomophagus and Acarus siro submitted on GenBank under the accession number OK166751 and OK040814, but not released yet] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Wiley Editing Services (https://wileyeditingservices.com/cn/) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31870352).

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Author notes

  1. Yu Fang and Mingzhong Sun have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China

    Yu Fang, Mingzhong Sun, Ying Fang, Zetao Zuo, Luyao Liu, Lingmiao Chu, Lan Ding, Caixiao Hu, Feiyan Li, Renrui Han & Entao Sun

  2. Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China

    Yu Fang & Shulin Zhou

  3. College of Life Science, The Provincial Key Lab of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China

    **ngquan **a

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  1. Yu Fang
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Contributions

Yu Fang, and Ming-Zhong Sun conceived and wrote the manuscript. Ying Fang, Ze-Tao Zuo, Lu-Yao Liu, Ling-Miao Chu, Lan Ding, and Cai-**ao Hu prepared the figures and data, and analyzed the data. Fei-Yan Li and RenRui Han contributed to discussions during the data analyses. **ng-Quan **a did the phylogenetic analyses. Shu-Lin Zhou, and En-Tao Sun conceived the study and revised the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to **ngquan **a, Shulin Zhou or Entao Sun.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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No specific permits were required for the mites collected for this study in China. The mite specimens were collected from park, and the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species. The species in our study are common mites and are not included in the “List of Protected Animals in China”.

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Fang, Y., Sun, M., Fang, Y. et al. Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thyreophagus entomophagus and Acarus siro (Sarcoptiformes: Astigmatina) provide insight into mitogenome features, evolution, and phylogeny among Acaroidea mites. Exp Appl Acarol 88, 57–74 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-022-00745-4

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