SpringerLink
Log in

Intra-specific patterns of δ13C, growth and wood density variation at sites of contrasting precipitation with implications for modelling carbon sequestration of tropical tree species

  • Published:
Agroforestry Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tropical agroforestry practices play a crucial role in mitigating global climate change by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and storing carbon in their biomass. Assessing the effects of water stress on carbon sequestration as well as uncertainties in measurement, are important for implementing the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs and carbon trading. This study aims to understand how precipitation influences carbon sequestration of Tectona grandis, Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus camaldulensis growing in agroforestry (woodlot) plantations in Bangladesh. Wood cores were collected at two different sites with contrasting (low vs high) annual precipitation and analysed for radial growth, carbon isotope abundance (δ13C) of cellulose and wood density. Site- and species-specific variation in δ13C was observed with higher values (less negative) detected at the low precipitation site. Trees at the low precipitation site showed lower growth rate and higher wood (basic) density compared to the trees at high precipitation site. Trees at the low precipitation site also showed significantly lower carbon sequestration rate (CSR) than those of the high precipitation site. δ13C reflects site- and species-specific water stress conditions. This study characterises intra- and inter-specific CSR variations in contrasting sites and confirms the importance of considering site-specific radial variation of wood density to render more accurate accounting of carbon sequestration and storage in tropical forests.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

References

  • Beer C et al (2010) Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate. Science 329:834–838

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BMD (2018) Climate of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Dhaka

  • Borella S, Leuenberger M, Saurer M, Siegwolf R (1998) Reducing uncertainties in δ13C analysis of tree rings: pooling, milling, and cellulose extraction. J Geophys Res Atmos 103:19519–19526

    Google Scholar 

  • Brendel O, Iannetta P, Stewart D (2000) A rapid and simple method to isolate pure alpha-cellulose. Phytochem Anal 11:7–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(200001/02)11:13.0.CO;2-U

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brienen RJW, Wanek W, Hietz P (2011) Stable carbon isotopes in tree rings indicate improved water use efficiency and drought responses of a tropical dry forest tree species. Trees 25:103–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0474-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brugnoli E, Farquhar GD (2000) Photosynthetic fractionation of carbon isotopes. In: Leegood RC, Sharkey TD, von Caemmerer S (eds) Photosynthesis advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48137-5_17

  • CABI (2021) Eucalyptus camaldulensis. In: Invasive Species Compendium (2021), Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/22596#torainfall. Accessed 05 May 2021

  • CAIT (2017) Climate Data Explorer, World Resources Institute. http://cait2.wri.org/. Accessed 12.11.2019

  • Chave J et al (2005) Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia 145:87–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chave J, Muller-Landau HC, Baker TR, Easdale TA, Ht S, Webb CO (2006) Regional and phylogenetic variation of wood density across 2456 neotropical tree species. Ecol Appl 16:2356–2367

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chave J et al (2008) Above-ground biomass and productivity in a rain forest of eastern South America. J Trop Ecol 24:355–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Chave J, Coomes D, Jansen S, Lewis SL, Swenson NG, Zanne AE (2009) Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 12:351–366

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chave J et al (2014) Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Glob Change Biol 20:3177–3190. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury MQ, Khan MR, Mehedi MAH (2013) Wood density variation in four plantation species growing in Bangladesh. J Indian Acad Wood Sci 10:32–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen LE, MacFarlane C (2005) Comparison of cellulose extraction methods for analysis of stable isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen in plant material. Tree Physiol 25:563–569

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Djomo AN, Knohl A, Gravenhorst G (2011) Estimations of total ecosystem carbon pools distribution and carbon biomass current annual increment of a moist tropical forest. Forest Ecol Manag 261:1448–1459

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehleringer JR (1993) Carbon and water relations in desert plants: an isotopic perspective. Stable isotopes and plant carbon-water relations. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 155–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehleringer JR, Cerling TE (1995) Atmospheric CO2 and the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations in plants. Tree Physiol 15:105–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eldoma A, Awang K (1999) Site Adaptability of Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia crassicarpa and Acacia aulacocarpa. APAFRI publication series 3. Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) APAFRI.72+vii

  • Farquhar GD, O’Leary MH, Berry JA (1982) On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Funct Plant Biol 9:121–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 40:503–537

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldpausch TR, Lloyd J, Lewis SL, Brienen RJW, Gloor M, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Banin L, Abu Salim K, Affum-Baffoe K (2012) Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates. Biogeosciences 9:3381–3403

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldpausch TR, Brienen RJW, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Monteagudo A, Baker TR, Lewis SL, Lloyd J, Quesada CA, Gloor M, ter Steege H (2014) Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 8(23):935–946

    Google Scholar 

  • Fichtler E, Helle G, Worbes M (2010) Stable-carbon isotope time series from tropical tree rings indicate a precipitation signal. Tree-Ring Res 66:35–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebrekirstos A, Worbes M, Teketay D, Fetene M, Mitlöhner R (2009) Stable carbon isotope ratios in tree rings of co-occurring species from semi-arid tropics in Africa: patterns and climatic signals. Glob Planet Change 66:253–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebrekirstos A, van Noordwijk M, Neufeldt H, Mitlöhner R (2011) Relationships of stable carbon isotopes, plant water potential and growth: an approach to asses water use efficiency and growth strategies of dry land agroforestry species. Trees 25:95–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodbody TR, Coops NC, White JC (2019) Digital aerial photogrammetry for updating area-based forest inventories: a review of opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Curr Forest Rep 5:55–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Helle G, Schleser G (2003) Seasonal variations of stable carbon isotopes from tree-rings of Quercus petraea. For schungszent rum Jülich GmbH Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), p 66

  • Helle G, Schleser G (2004) Beyond CO2-fixation by Rubisco–an interpretation of 13C/12C variations in tree rings from novel intra-seasonal studies on broad-leaf trees. Plant Cell Environ 27:367–380

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hietz P, Wanek W, Dünisch O (2005) Long-term trends in cellulose δ13C and water-use efficiency of tropical Cedrela and Swietenia from Brazil. Tree Physiol 25:745–752. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.6.745

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hietz P, Valencia R, Joseph Wright S (2013) Strong radial variation in wood density follows a uniform pattern in two neotropical rain forests. Funct Ecol 27:684–692

    Google Scholar 

  • Hietz P, Rosner S, Hietz-Seifert U, Wright SJ (2017) Wood traits related to size and life history of trees in a Panamanian rainforest. New Phytol 213:170–180

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain M, Siddique MRH, Saha S, Abdullah SR (2015) Allometric models for biomass, nutrients and carbon stock in Excoecaria agallocha of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Wetlands Ecol Manag 23:765–774

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton R (2005) Aboveground forest biomass and the global carbon balance. Glob Change Biol 11:945–958

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang G, Li Y, Mu X, Zhao H, Cao Y (2017) Water-use efficiency in response to simulated increasing precipitation in a temperate desert ecosystem of **njiang, China. J Arid Land 9:823–836

    Google Scholar 

  • Jucker T, Grossiord C, Bonal D, Bouriaud O, Gessler A, Coomes DA (2017) Detecting the fingerprint of drought across Europe’s forests: do carbon isotope ratios and stem growth rates tell similar stories? Forest Ecosyst 4:24

    Google Scholar 

  • Kairo J, Bosire J, Langat J, Kirui B, Koedam N (2009) Allometry and biomass distribution in replanted mangrove plantations at Gazi Bay, Kenya. Aquat Conserv Marine Freshwater Ecosyst 19:S63–S69

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaosa-ard A, Suangtho V, Kjær ED (1998) Experience from tree improvement of teak (Tectona grandis) in Thailand. Danida Forest Seed Centre. Technical Note no. 50

  • Keeling HC, Baker TR, Martinez RV, Monteagudo A, Phillips OL (2008) Contrasting patterns of diameter and biomass increment across tree functional groups in Amazonian forests. Oecologia 158:521–534

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MNI, Shil MC, Azad MS, Sadath MN, Feroz SM, Mollick AS (2018) Allometric relationships of stem volume and stand level carbon stocks at varying stand density in Swietenia macrophylla King plantations, Bangladesh. Forest Ecol Manag 430:639–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komiyama A, Poungparn S, Kato S (2005) Common allometric equations for estimating the tree weight of mangroves. J Trop Ecol 21:471–477

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski T (1982) Water supply and tree growth. Part I. Water Deficits. Forestry Abstracts 2:57–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreft S, Eckstein D, Melchior I (2017) Global climate risk index 2017: who suffers most from extreme weather events? Weather-related loss events in 2015 and 1996 to 2015. German Watch.

  • Kruse J, Hopmans P, Rennenberg H, Adams M (2012) Modern tools to tackle traditional concerns: evaluation of site productivity and Pinus radiata management via δ13C-and δ18O-analysis of tree-rings. Forest Ecol Manag 285:227–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Larjavaara M, Muller-Landau HC (2013) Measuring tree height: a quantitative comparison of two common field methods in a moist tropical forest. Methods Ecol Evol 4:793–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis SL et al (2013) Above-ground biomass and structure of 260 African tropical forests philosophical transactions of the Royal society B. Biol Sci 368:20120295

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin G, Da SL, Sternberg L (1992) Differences in morphology, carbon isotope ratios, and photosynthesis between scrub and fringe mangroves in Florida, USA. Aquat Bot 42:303–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Loader N, Robertson I, McCarroll D (2003) Comparison of stable carbon isotope ratios in the whole wood, cellulose and lignin of oak tree-rings. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 196:395–407

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDicken KG (1997) A guide to monitoring carbon storage in forestry and agroforestry projects. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Forest Carbon Monitoring Program, Winrock International, USA.

  • Macfarlane C, Adams MA (1998) δ13C of wood in growth-rings indicates cambial activity of drought-stressed trees of Eucalyptus globulus. Funct Ecol 12:655–664. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00230.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane C, Warren CR, White DA, Adams MA (1999) A rapid and simple method for processing wood to crude cellulose for analysis of stable carbon isotopes in tree rings. Tree Physiol 19:831–835

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood H, Siddique MRH, Costello L, Birigazzi L, Abdullah SMR, Henry M, Siddiqui BN, Aziz T, Ali S, Al Mamun A, Forhad MIK, Akhter M, Iqbal Z, Mondol FK (2019) Allometric models for estimating biomass, carbon and nutrient stock in the Sal zone of Bangladesh. iForest 12: 69–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2758-011

  • Majumder SC, Islam K, Hossain MM (2019) State of research on carbon sequestration in Bangladesh: a comprehensive review. Geol Ecol Landsc 3:29–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhi Y et al (2004) The above-ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots. Glob Change Biol 10:563–591

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhi Y et al (2009) Comprehensive assessment of carbon productivity, allocation and storage in three Amazonian forests. Glob Change Biol 15:1255–1274

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarroll D, Loader NJ (2004) Stable isotopes in tree rings. Quat Sci Rev 23:771–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medina E, Francisco M (1997) Osmolality and δ13C of leaf tissues of mangrove species from environments of contrasting rainfall and salinity. Estuarine Coast Shelf Sci 45:337–344

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montagnini F, Porras C (1998) Evaluating the role of plantations as carbon sinks: an example of an integrative approach from the humid tropics. Environ Manag 22:459–470

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan JP, McIntire WG (1959) Quaternary geology of the Bengal basin, East Pakistan and India. Geol Soc Am Bull 70:319–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Nam VT, Anten NP, van Kuijk M (2018) Biomass dynamics in a logged forest: the role of wood density. J Plant Res 131:611–621

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ngo KM, Turner BL, Muller-Landau HC, Davies SJ, Larjavaara M, bin Nik Hassan NF, Lum S (2013) Carbon stocks in primary and secondary tropical forests in Singapore. Forest Ecol Manag 296:81–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Njana MA, Meilby H, Eid T, Zahabu E, Malimbwi RE (2016) Importance of tree basic density in biomass estimation and associated uncertainties: a case of three mangrove species in Tanzania. Ann Forest Sci 73:1073–1087

    Google Scholar 

  • Nock CA, Geihofer D, Grabner M, Baker PJ, Bunyavejchewin S, Hietz P (2009) Wood density and its radial variation in six canopy tree species differing in shade-tolerance in western Thailand. Ann Bot 104:297–306

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Onoda Y, Richards AE, Westoby M (2010) The relationship between stem biomechanics and wood density is modified by rainfall in 32 Australian woody plant species. New Phytol 185:493–501

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Phillips OL, Shvidenko A, Lewis SL, Canadell JG (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333:988–993

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park R, Epstein S (1961) Metabolic fractionation of C13/C12in plants. Plant Physiol 36:133–138. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.36.2.133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pfautsch S, Harbusch M, Wesolowski A, Smith R, Macfarlane C, Tjoelker MG, Reich PB, Adams MA (2016) Climate determines vascular traits in the ecologically diverse genus Eucalyptus. Ecol Lett 19:240–248

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickup M, Westoby M, Basden A (2005) Dry mass costs of deploying leaf area in relation to leaf size. Funct Ecol 19:88–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston KA, Cornwell WK, DeNoyer JL (2006) Wood density and vessel traits as distinct correlates of ecological strategy in 51 California coast range angiosperms. New Phytol 170:807–818

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pretzsch H, Biber P, Schütze G, Kemmerer J, Uhl E (2018) Wood density reduced while wood volume growth accelerated in Central European forests since 1870. Forest Ecol Manag 429:589–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MM, Kabir ME, Jahir Uddin Akon ASM, Ando K (2015) High carbon stocks in roadside plantations under participatory management in Bangladesh. Glob Ecol Conserv 3:412–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman M, Islam M, Gebrekirstos A, Bräuning A (2019) Trends in tree growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency in the tropics under elevated CO2 and climate change. Trees 1:18

    Google Scholar 

  • Saatchi SS, Houghton R, Dos Santos AR, Soares JV, Yu Y (2007) Distribution of aboveground live biomass in the Amazon basin. Glob Change Biol 13:816–837

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierra CA, del Valle JI, Orrego SA, Moreno FH, Harmon ME, Zapata M, Colorado GJ, Herrera MA, Lara W, Restrepo DE (2007) Total carbon stocks in a tropical forest landscape of the Porce region, Colombia. Forest Ecol Manag 243:299–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Slik J et al (2010) Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo’s tropical forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19:50–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobrado M (1986) Aspects of tissue water relations and seasonal changes of leaf water potential components of evergreen and deciduous species coexisting in tropical dry forests. Oecologia 68:413–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sobrado M (1991) Cost-benefit relationships in deciduous and evergreen leaves of tropical dry forest species. Funct Ecol 5:608–616

    Google Scholar 

  • SRDI (2000) Land and soil resource utilization guide (LSURG Series No. 341) for Tanore Sub-district of Rajshahi District.Soil Resources Development Institute(SRDI), Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh, Dhaka

  • Stegen JC et al (2011) Variation in above-ground forest biomass across broad climatic gradients. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:744–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker TF et al (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Swenson NG, Enquist BJ (2007) Ecological and evolutionary determinants of a key plant functional trait: wood density and its community-wide variation across latitude and elevation. Am J Bot 94:451–459

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tans PP, Mook WG (1980) Past atmospheric CO2 levels and the 13C/12C ratios in tree rings. Tellus 32:268–283. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v32i3.10582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teskey R, Fites J, Samuelson L, Bongarten B (1986) Stomatal and nonstomatal limitations to net photosynthesis in Pinus taeda L. under different environmental conditions. Tree Physiol 2:131–142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • UNFCCC (Conference of the Parties, COP) (2016) Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-firstsession, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris, FCCC/CP/2015/10

  • Vastaranta M et al (2013) Airborne laser scanning and digital stereo imagery measures of forest structure: comparative results and implications to forest map** and inventory update. Canad J Remote Sens 39:382–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadia DN (1957) Geology of India, Revised. McMillan & CO Ltd., London

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren CR, McGrath JF, Adams MA (2001) Water availability and carbon isotope discrimination in conifers. Oecologia 127:476–486

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wayson CA, Johnson KD, Cole JA, Olguín MI, Carrillo OI, Birdsey RA (2015) Estimating uncertainty of allometric biomass equations with incomplete fit error information using a pseudo-data approach: methods. Ann Forest Sci 72:825–834

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiemann MC, Williamson GB (2007) Extreme radial changes in wood specific gravity in some tropical pioneers. Wood Fiber Sci 20:344–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson GB, Wiemann MC (2010) Age-dependent radial increases in wood specific gravity of tropical pioneers in Costa Rica. Biotropica 42:590–597

    Google Scholar 

  • WorldBank (1998) Greenhouse gas assessment handbook-a practical guidance document for the asessment of projectr-level greenhouse gas emission. The World Bank, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanne AE, Westoby M, Falster DS, Ackerly DD, Loarie SR, Arnold SE, Coomes DA (2010) Angiosperm wood structure: global patterns in vessel anatomy and their relation to wood density and potential conductivity. Am J Bot 97:207–215

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zobel B, Buitjeenen J (1989) Wood variation its causes and control. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel BJ, Sprague JR (1998) Juvenile wood in forest trees. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the University of Sydney for providing Research Training Program (International) scholarship through which this research was supported for partial fulfilment of the Ph.D. degree. We would like to thank forestry students of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh and students of Rajshahi College, Bangladesh for their support during field works. We thank to show our gratitude to Mr. R. S. M. Munirul Islam, Conservator of Forests, Bangladesh Forest Department who also supported in the field work to find logistics. We would also like to acknowledge comments provided by two anonymous reviewers on an earlier version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by a PhD scholarship—Research Training Program-International at the University of Sydney and the Australian Research Council (AM) FT 120100200.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia

    Nirmol Kumar Halder, Malcolm Possell & Andrew Merchant

  2. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Nirmol Kumar Halder

  3. Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh

    Md. Qumruzzaman Chowdhury

  4. Senior Technical Officer, DVC Research, Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, 4E05, The Hub D17, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia

    David Fuentes

Authors
  1. Nirmol Kumar Halder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Md. Qumruzzaman Chowdhury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David Fuentes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Malcolm Possell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Andrew Merchant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Dr. Nirmol Kumar Halder: Designing and planning of the of the study, analysing data and writing the manuscript, Dr. Md. Qumruzzaman Chowdhury: designing field work, analysing data, revising the manuscript, Dr. David Fuentes: analysing data, revising the manuscript, Dr. Malcolm Possell: designing and planning of the study, revising the manuscript and Dr. Andrew Merchant: designing and planning of the study, analysing data, revising and proof reading the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nirmol Kumar Halder.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Halder, N.K., Chowdhury, M.Q., Fuentes, D. et al. Intra-specific patterns of δ13C, growth and wood density variation at sites of contrasting precipitation with implications for modelling carbon sequestration of tropical tree species. Agroforest Syst 95, 1429–1443 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00646-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00646-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation