Abstract
Texture is inevitably introduced during the manufacturing of most NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs), and the textured nanocrystalline NiTi has been extensively employed in engineering. However, the effect of texture, and the joint effect of grain size (GS) and texture on the functional properties of NiTi SMAs and the corresponding microscopic mechanisms have not been clearly understood yet. In this work, based on the phase field method, the effect of texture on the GS-dependent functional properties of NiTi SMAs, including super-elasticity (SE), one-way shape memory effect (OWSME), and stress-assisted two-way shape memory effect (SATWSME), is investigated, and the corresponding microscopic mechanisms are revealed. Moreover, the samples with discrete geometrical gradients and/or texture gradients are designed to achieve graded functional properties. The simulation results indicate that the dependence of functional properties on texture is due to the effect of crystallographic orientation on martensite transformation and reorientation, which can lead to different inelastic strains. In the designed samples with texture gradients, the stress–strain responses of sheets with various textures are different, allowing for the coordination of overall deformation of the sample by combining such sheets, with varying inelastic deformation degrees. Thus, the overall response of the sample differs from that without texture gradient, leading to the achievement of graded functional properties. The simulation results and new findings in this work contribute to a deeper understanding of the effects of texture, GS, and their interaction on the functional properties of SMAs, and provide valuable reference for the design and development of SMA-based devices with desired functional properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jani JM, Leary M, Subic A, Gibson MA. A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities. Mater Des. 2014;56:1078–113.
Sehitoglu H, Anderson R, Karaman I, Gall K, Chumlyakov Y. Cyclic deformation behavior of single crystal NiTi. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001;314:67–74.
Gall K, Maier HJ. Cyclic deformation mechanisms in precipitated NiTi shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 2002;50:4643–57.
Pataky G, Ertekin E, Sehitoglu H. Elastocaloric cooling potential of NiTi, Ni2FeGa, and CoNiAl. Acta Mater. 2015;96:420–7.
Hamilton RF, Sehitoglu H, Chumlyakov Y, Maier HJ. Stress dependence of the hysteresis in single crystal NiTi alloys. Acta Mater. 2004;52:3383–402.
Gall K, Sehitoglu H, Chumlyakov YI, Kireeva IV. Tension-compression asymmetry of the stress-strain in aged single crystal and polycrystalline NiTi. Acta Mater. 1999;47(4):1203–17.
Gall K, Yang N, Sehitoglu H, Chumlyakov YI. Fracture of precipitated NiTi shape memory alloys. Int J Fract. 2001;109(2):189–207.
Robertson SW, Gong XY, Ritchie RO. Effect of product form and heat treatment on the crystallographic texture of austenitic Nitinol. J Mater Sci. 2006;41(3):621–30.
Mao S, Luo J, Zhang Z, Wu M, Liu Y, Han X. EBSD studies of the stress induced B2–B19’ martensitic transformation in NiTi tubes under uniaxial tension and compression. Acta Mater. 2010;58(9):3357–66.
Liu Y, **e Z, Van Humbeeck J, Delaey L. Effect of texture orientation on the martensite deformation of NiTi shape memory alloy sheet. Acta Mater. 1999;47(2):645–60.
Chang S, Wu S. Textures in cold-rolled and annealed Ti50Ni50 shape memory alloy. Scripta Mater. 2004;50(7):937–41.
Kim K, Daly S. The effect of texture on stress-induced martensite formation in nickel-titanium. Smart Mater Struct. 2013;22: 075012.
Laplanche G, Kazuch A, Eggeler G. Processing of NiTi shape memory sheets—microstructural heterogeneity and evolution of texture. J Alloy Compd. 2015;651:333–9.
Liu Y. The superelastic anisotropy in a NiTi shape memory alloy thin sheet. Acta Mater. 2015;95:411–27.
Wang L, Ma L, Liu C, Zhong Z, Luo S. Texture-induced anisotropic phase transformation in a NiTi shape memory alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;718:96–103.
Shuai J, **ao Y. In-situ study on texture-dependent martensitic transformation and cyclic irreversibility of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy. Metall Mater Trans A. 2020;51A:562–7.
LePage WS, Shaw JA, Daly SH. Effects of texture on the functional and structural fatigue of a NiTi shape memory alloy. Int J Solids Struct. 2021;221:150–64.
Gao S, Yi S. Experimental study on the anisotropic behavior of textured NiTi pseudoelastic shape memory alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 2003;362:107–11.
Daly S, Ravichandran G, Bhattacharya K. Stress-induced martensitic phase transformation in thin sheets of Nitinol. Acta Mater. 2007;55:3593–600.
Laplanche G, Birk T, Schneider S, Frenzel J, Eggeler G. Effect of temperature and texture on the reorientation of martensite variants in NiTi shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 2017;127:143–52.
Delville R, Malard B, Pilch J, Sittner P, Schryvers D. Transmission electron microscopy investigation of dislocation slip during superelastic cycling of Ni-Ti wires. Int J Plast. 2011;27:282–97.
Ahadi A, Sun Q. Stress hysteresis loop and temperature dependence of phase transition stress in nanostructured NiTi–effects of grain size. Appl Phys Lett. 2013;103: 021902.
Ahadi A, Sun Q. Effects of grain size on the rate-dependent thermomechanical responses of nanostructured superelastic NiTi. Acta Mater. 2014;76:186–97.
Ahadi A, Sun Q. Stress-induced nanoscale phase transition in superelastic NiTi by in situ X-ray diffraction. Acta Mater. 2015;90:272–81.
Sun Q, Aslan A, Li M, Chen M. Effects of grain size on phase transition behavior of nanocrystalline shape memory alloys. Sci China Technol Sci. 2014;57:671–9.
Sedmák P, Šittner P, Pilch J, Curfs C. Instability of cyclic superelastic deformation of NiTi investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Acta Mater. 2015;94:257–70.
Yin H, He Y, Moumni Z, Sun Q. Effects of grain size on tensile fatigue life of nanostructured NiTi shape memory alloy. Int J Fatigue. 2016;88:166–77.
Shi X, Guo F, Zhang J, Ding H, Cui L. Grain size effect on stress hysteresis of nanocrystalline NiTi alloys. J Alloy Compd. 2016;688:62–8.
**ao Y, Zeng P, Lei L. Grain size effect on mechanical performance of nanostructured superelastic NiTi alloy. Mater Res Express. 2017;4: 035702.
Kabirifar P, Chu K, Ren F, Sun Q. Effects of grain size on compressive behavior of NiTi polycrystalline superelastic macro- and micropillars. Mater Lett. 2018;214:53–5.
Lin H, Hua P, Sun Q. Effects of grain size and partial amorphization on elastocaloric cooling performance of nanostructured NiTi. Scripta Mater. 2022;209: 117371.
Cho GB, Kim YH, Hur SG, Yu CA, Nam TH. Transformation behavior and mechanical properties of a nanostructured Ti-50.0 Ni (at.%) alloy. Metals Mater Int. 2006;12(2):181–7.
Kim YH, Cho GB, Hur SG, Jeong SS, Nam TH. Nanocrystallization of a Ti-50.0 Ni (at.%) alloy by cold working and stress/strain behavior. Mater Sci Eng A. 2006;438:531–5.
Xu B, Kang G, Yu C, Kan Q. Phase field simulation on the grain size dependent super-elasticity and shape memory effect of nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys. Int J Eng Sci. 2020;156: 103373.
Waitz T, Kazykhanov V, Karnthaler H. Martensitic phase transformations in nanocrystalline NiTi studied by TEM. Acta Mater. 2004;52:137–47.
Waitz T, Antretter T, Fischer FD, Karnthaler HP. Size effects on martensitic phase transformations in nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys. Mater Sci Technol. 2008;24:934–40.
Waitz T, Tsuchiya K, Antretter T, Fischer FD. Phase transformations of nanocrystalline martensitic materials. MRS Bull. 2009;34:814–21.
Li M, Sun Q. Nanoscale phase transition behavior of shape memory alloys—closed form solution of 1D effective modelling. J Mech Phys Solids. 2018;110:21–37.
Xu B, **ong J, Yu C, Wang C, Wang Q, Kang G. Improved elastocaloric effect of NiTi shape memory alloys via microstructure engineering: a phase field simulation. Int J Mech Sci. 2022;222: 107256.
Tourret D, Liu H, LLorca J. Phase-field modeling of microstructure evolution: recent applications, perspectives and challenges. Prog Mater Sci. 2022;123: 100810.
** YM, Artemev A, Khachaturyan AG. Three-dimensional phase field model of low-symmetry martensitic transformation in polycrystal: simulation of martensite in AuCd alloys. Acta Mater. 2001;49:2309–20.
Ahluwalia R, Lookman T, Saxena A. Dynamic strain loading of cubic to tetragonal martensites. Acta Mater. 2006;54:2109–20.
Idesman A, Cho J-Y, Levitas VI. Finite element modeling of dynamics of martensitic phase transitions. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;93: 043102.
Dhote RP, Melnik RVN, Zu J. Dynamic thermo−Mechanical coupling and size effects in finite shape memory alloy nanostructures. Comput Mater Sci. 2012;63:105–17.
Zhong Y, Zhu T. Phase-field modeling of martensitic microstructure in NiTi shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;75:337–47.
Paranjape HM, Manchiraju S, Anderson PM. A phase field - Finite element approach to model the interaction between phase transformations and plasticity in shape memory alloys. Int J Plast. 2016;80:1–18.
Cui S, Wan J, Rong Y, Zhang J. Phase-field simulations of thermomechanical behavior of MnNi shape memory alloys using finite element method. Comput Mater Sci. 2017;139:285–94.
**e X, Kang G, Kan Q, Yu C, Peng Q. Phase field modeling for cyclic phase transition of NiTi shape memory alloy single crystal with super-elasticity. Comput Mater Sci. 2018;143:212–24.
Sun Y, Luo J, Zhu J. Phase field study of the microstructure evolution and thermomechanical properties of polycrystalline shape memory alloys: Grain size effect and rate effect. Comput Mater Sci. 2018;145:252–62.
Sun Y, Luo J, Zhu J, Zhou K. A non-isothermal phase field study of the shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity of polycrystalline shape memory alloys. Comput Mater Sci. 2019;167:65–76.
Xu B, Kang G, Kan Q, **e X, Yu C, Peng Q. Phase field simulation to one-way shape memory effect of NiTi shape memory alloy single crystal. Comput Mater Sci. 2019;161:276–92.
Zhu J, Wang D, Gao Y, Zhang T, Wang Y. Linear-superelastic metals by con- trolled strain release via nanoscale concentration-gradient engineering. Mater Today. 2020;33:17–23.
Cissé C, Zaeem MA. Design of NiTi-based shape memory microcomposites with enhanced elastocaloric performance by a fully thermomechanical coupled phase-field model. Mater Des. 2021;207: 109898.
Ahluwalia R, Quek SS, Wu DT. Simulation of grain size effects in nanocrystalline shape memory alloys. J Appl Phys. 2015;117: 244305.
Mikula J, Quek SS, Joshi SP, Wu DT, Ahluwalia R. The role of bimodal grain size distribution in nanocrystalline shape memory alloys. Smart Mater Struct. 2018;27: 105004.
Xu B, Yu C, Kang G. Phase field study on the microscopic mechanism of grain size dependent cyclic degradation of super-elasticity and shape memory effect in nano-polycrystalline NiTi alloys. Int J Plast. 2021;145: 103075.
Cissé C, Zaeem MA. An asymmetric elasto-plastic phase-field model for shape memory effect, pseudoelasticity and thermomechanical training in polycrystalline shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 2020;201:580–95.
Otsuka K, Ren X. Physical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys. Prog Mater Sci. 2005;50:511–678.
Yu C, Kang G, Kan Q. Crystal plasticity based constitutive model of NiTi shape memory alloy considering different mechanisms of inelastic deformation. Int J Plast. 2014;54:132–62.
Mamivand M, Zaeem MA, El KH. Shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity behavior in tetragonal zirconia polycrystals: A phase field study. Int J Plast. 2014;60:71–86.
Cissé C, Zaeem MA. Transformation-induced fracture toughening in CuAlBe shape memory alloys: A phase-field study. Int J Mech Sci. 2021;192: 106144.
Moshkelgosha E, Mamivand M. Concurrent modeling of martensitic transformation and crack growth in polycrystalline shape memory ceramics. Eng Fract Mech. 2021;241: 107403.
Yin Q, Wu X, Huang C, Wang X, Wei Y. Atomistic study of temperature and strain rate-dependent phase transformation behaviour of NiTi shape memory alloy under uniaxial compression. Phil Mag. 2015;95:2491–512.
Qi Z, He L, Wang F, Wang J, Cheng J, **e G, Zeng X. Role of temperature and strain rate on the stress reversal in dynamic damage of monocrystalline NiTi alloy. Mech Mater. 2022;165: 104185.
Dhote RP, Gomez H, Melnik RNV, Zu J. Shape memory alloy nanostructures with coupled dynamic thermo−Mechanical effects. Comput Phys Commun. 2015;192:48–53.
Soejima Y, Motomura S, Mitsuhara M, Inamura T, Nishida M. In situ scanning electron microscopy study of the thermoelastic martensitic transformation in Ti-Ni shape memory alloy. Acta Mater. 2016;103:352–60.
Ko W-S, Maisel SB, Grabowski B, Jeon JB, Neugebauer J. Atomic scale processes of phase transformations in nanocrystalline NiTi shape−Memory alloys. Acta Mater. 2017;123:90–101.
Shaw JA, Kyriakides S. On the nucleation and propagation of phase transformation fronts in a NiTi alloy. Acta Mater. 1997;45(2):683–700.
Li Z, Sun Q. The initiation and growth of macroscopic martensite band in nano-grained NiTi microtube under tension. Int J Plast. 2002;18:1481–98.
Shariat BS, Meng Q, Mahmud AS, Wu Z, Bakhtiari R, Zhang J, Motazedian F, Yang H, Rio G, Nam T, Liu Y. Functionally graded shape memory alloys: design, fabrication and experimental evaluation. Mater Des. 2017;124:225–37.
Mahmud AS, Liu Y, Nam T. Gradient anneal of functionally graded NiTi. Smart Mater Struct. 2008;17: 015031.
Park SH, Lee JH, Nam TH, Lee YJ, Inoue K, Lee SW, Kim J. Effect of proportional control treatment on transformation behavior of Ti-50.9at.% Ni shape memory alloys. J Alloys Compd. 2013;577S:S168–74.
Huang K, Sun Q, Yu C, Yin H. Deformation behaviors of gradient nanostructured superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020;786: 139389.
Chen J, **ng L, Fang G, Lei L, Liu W. Improved elastocaloric cooling performance in gradient-structured NiTi alloy processed by localized laser surface annealing. Acta Mater. 2021;208: 116741.
Chen J, Liu B, **ng L, Liu W, Lei L, Fang G. Toward tunable mechanical behavior and enhanced elastocaloric effect in NiTi alloy by gradient structure. Acta Mater. 2022;226: 117609.
Kong X, Yang Y, Guo S, Li R, Feng B, Jiang D, Li M, Chen C, Cui L, Hao S. Grain-size gradient NiTi ribbons with multiple-step shape transition prepared by melt-spinning. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;71:163–8.
Shariat BS, Liu Y, Meng Q, Rio G. Analytical modelling of functionally graded NiTi shape memory alloy plates under tensile loading and recovery of deformation upon heating. Acta Mater. 2013;61:3411–21.
Meng Q, Wu Z, Bakhtiari R, Shariat BS, Yang H, Liu Y, Nam T. A unique “fishtail-like” four-way shape memory effect of compositionally graded NiTi. Scripta Mater. 2017;127:84–7.
Xu B, Wang C, Wang Q, Yu C, Kan Q, Kang G. Enhancing elastocaloric effect of NiTi alloy by concentration-gradient engineering. Int J Mech Sci. 2023;246: 108140.
Shariat BS, Liu Y, Rio G. Hystoelastic deformation behaviour of geometrically graded NiTi shape memory alloys. Mater Des. 2013;50:879–85.
Shariat BS, Liu Y, Rio G. Modelling and experimental investigation of geometrically graded NiTi shape memory alloys. Smart Mater Struct. 2013;22: 025030.
Shariat BS, Liu Y, Bakhtiari S. Modelling and experimental investigation of geometrically graded shape memory alloys with parallel design configuration. J Alloy Compd. 2019;791:711–21.
Shariat BS, Bakhtiari R, Liu Y. Nonuniform transformation behaviour of NiTi in a discrete geometrical gradient design. J Alloy Compd. 2019;774:1260–6.
Shariat BS, Bakhtiari S, Yang H, Liu Y. Controlled initiation and propagation of stress-induced martensitic transformation in functionally graded NiTi. J Alloy Compd. 2021;851: 156103.
Xu B, Kang G. Phase field simulation on the super-elasticity, elastocaloric and shape memory effect of geometrically graded nano-polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys. Int J Mech Sci. 2021;201: 106462.
He Y, Sun Q. Macroscopic equilibrium domain structure and geometric compatibility in elastic phase transition of thin plates. Int J Mech Sci. 2010;52:198–211.
Acknowledgements
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (12202294 and 12022208), the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M712243), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2023SCU12098) are acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BX was involved in conceptualization, formal analysis, funding acquisition, methodology, software, and writing—original draft. BH assisted with methodology and software. CW was responsible for conceptualization, supervision, and writing—reviewing and editing. QW contributed to funding acquisition and validation.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, B., Huang, B., Wang, C. et al. Effect of Texture on the Grain-Size-Dependent Functional Properties of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys and Texture Gradient Design: A Phase Field Study. Acta Mech. Solida Sin. 37, 10–32 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10338-023-00439-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10338-023-00439-3