Abstract
The reed belt around Lake Neusiedl is one of the largest connected reed areas in Europe, and thus bears crucial importance for the conservation of species depending on this habitat. In the last decades, a decline of reed harvesting has led to the formation of very old reed areas. Here we investigate how age and structure of degraded reed affect breeding bird species. We related extensive bird counts of eight species at 111 points to habitat measurements and reed age. Species differed in their preferred age class; for example, Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus are found mainly in up to 4-year-old reed stands, while Little Crakes Zapornia parva prefer to settle in more than 14-year-old vegetation. We expected some species to be more common in older age classes, but our results demonstrate that large parts of the reed stands become too degraded even for these “old reed” specialists. Several bird species showed an inverse u-shaped relationship to habitat characteristics associated with reed die-back, e.g. accumulation of broken reed stems, occurrence of matted reed, low vegetation height or open water areas. At present, harvested areas are small and burning of reed is prohibited, and in the future, we expect more reed die-back with declining bird numbers. Missing ice cover in wintertime because of climate warming prevents sustainable cutting of these very old reed stands. We thus recommend a cautious introduction of fire management as a measure to secure this unique bird habitat.
Zusammenfassung
Schilfsterben und Schutz kleiner Schilfvögel am Neusiedler See, Österreich
Der Schilfgürtel des Neusiedler Sees ist eines der größten zusammenhängenden Schilfgebiete Europas und daher von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Erhaltung von Arten, die auf diesen Lebensraum angewiesen sind. In den letzten Jahrzehnten führte ein Rückgang der Schilfernte zur Bildung von sehr alten Schilfbeständen. Hier untersuchen wir, wie sich Alter und Struktur des degradierten Schilfs auf Brutvogelarten auswirken. Dazu haben wir Vogelzählungen von acht Arten an 111 Punkten mit Habitatmessungen und Schilfalter in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Arten unterschieden sich in ihrer bevorzugten Altersklasse; so ist der Drosselrohrsänger Acrocephalus arundinaceus hauptsächlich in bis zu vier Jahre alten Schilfbeständen anzutreffen, während das Kleine Sumpfhuhn Zapornia parva bevorzugt in mehr als 14 Jahre alter Vegetation brütet. Wir erwarteten, dass einige Arten in den ältesten Altersklassen häufiger vorkommen würden, doch große Teile der Schilfbestände waren selbst für diese "Altschilf"-Spezialisten zu degradiert. Habitatmerkmale, die mit dem Absterben des Schilfs zusammenhängen, z. B. Anhäufung gebrochener Schilfstängel, Auftreten von verfilztem Schilf, geringe Vegetationshöhe oder offene Wasserflächen, werden von einigen Arten bei mittleren Werten bevorzugt. Extreme Werte wirken sich aber immer negativ auf das Vorkommen aus. Gegenwärtig sind die abgeernteten Flächen klein und das Abbrennen von Schilf ist verboten, und für die Zukunft ist mit einem stärkeren Absterben des Schilfs und einem Rückgang der Vogelzahlen zu rechnen. Die fehlende Eisdecke im Winter aufgrund der Klimaerwärmung verhindert ein nachhaltiges Abschneiden dieser sehr alten Schilfbestände. Wir empfehlen daher eine vorsichtige Einführung des Feuermanagements als Maßnahme zur Sicherung dieses einzigartigen Vogellebensraums.
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Data availability
All data used in GLMs and ordinal regression models are provided as supplementary material (S5).
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Acknowledgements
We thank Arno Cimadom, Niki Filek, Johannes Frühauf, Christina Nagl, Benny Knees, Christoph Roland and Péter Villányi for counting birds. Paul Nemeth assisted in habitat measurements. The head of the Biological Station Illmitz, Thomas Zechmeister, and staff members Richard Haider und Rudi Schalli contributed logistic support. We are grateful that Viktor Tóth discussed reed die-back and possible measures against it, and that Bernd Leisler supplied information about habitat selection of the Moustached Warbler. We thank Bernhard Kohler and Marlon Schwienbacher (WWF Austria) for technical and logistical coordination of the project and Benjamin Seaman for improving the language of the manuscript.
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Fieldwork and analyses were funded by the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the European Commission and the Federal Government of Burgenland. (Grant number: Le 14-20).
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EN wrote first draft of manuscript, made statistical analyses, took part in planning and conducting fieldwork, MD took part in writing of the manuscript and planning and organizing of the study.
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Nemeth, E., Dvorak, M. Reed die-back and conservation of small reed birds at Lake Neusiedl, Austria. J Ornithol 163, 683–693 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01961-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01961-w