Abstract
The increasing pollution of ecosystems by both biological and non-biological contaminants has recently fostered the rapid development of biosensors, thus opening a new investigation area in analytical sciences. Here, we review the applications of immunosensors in food safety, human health, environmental sciences, water pollution, and agriculture. We present the analysis of cancer markers, pathogens, antigens, antibiotics, pesticides, toxins, allergens, hormones, and phytohormones. Immunosensors comprise electrochemical, microgravimetric, optical, and thermometric immunosensors. Immunosensors have advantages such as enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, antibody-based biosensors have outperformed traditional methods in identifying and analysing various compounds. Immunosensors are able to detect compounds at nanomolar to picomolar levels.
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Abbreviations
- ABEI:
-
N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol
- Bio-PET:
-
Bio-based poly(ethylene terephthalate)
- CFDA:
-
Chinese Food and Drug Administration
- CNTFETs:
-
Carbon nanotubes field effect transistors
- DL-MBs:
-
Dual-labelled magnetic nanobeads
- EFSA:
-
European Food Safety Authority
- EIS:
-
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EQS:
-
Environmental quality standards
- EQSD:
-
Environmental quality standards directive
- FOPPR:
-
Fibre optic particle plasmon resonance
- FRET:
-
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- FSSAI:
-
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
- g-C3N4/ZnO:
-
Graphitic carbon nitride/zinc oxide
- GC–MS:
-
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- HFMD:
-
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- IDAMs:
-
Interdigitated array microelectrodes
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1
- LC–MS:
-
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- MDSPE:
-
Magnetic dispersion solid-phase extraction
- MWCNT:
-
Multiwalled carbon nanotube
- PDMS:
-
Polydimethylsiloxane
- pNap:
-
1-Naphthylamine polymer
- SERS:
-
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
- SPCE:
-
Screen-printed carbon electrode
- SWASV:
-
Square wave anodic strip** voltammetry
- SWCNHs:
-
Single-walled carbon nanohorns
- SWCNTs:
-
Single-walled carbon nanotubes
- USFDA:
-
United States Food and Drug Administration
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank University of Hradec Kralove and King Saud University, for allowing the current study to conduct and complete.
Funding
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, supported this research (RSP-2022/59), along with the Czech Republic (PrF UHK 2205/2024–2025 and MH CZ—DRO (UHHK, 00179906)) and VEGA Project 1/0482/ 20).
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HK contributed to writing, data gathering, and editing. RD contributed to data gathering, and review editing. SG contributed to review editing. RC contributed to conceptualization, and editing. PP contributed to data gathering, and editing. DSD contributed to figure designing, and editing. CC contributed to contributed to figure designing, and editing. NS contributed to writing, and editing. AKP contributed to writing, and editing. DK contributed to editing. NK contributed to editing. TK contributed to editing. MV contributed to conceptualization, and editing. SM contributed to conceptualization, editing, and supervision. SYA contributed to conceptualization, editing, and funding acquisition. DK contributed to conceptualization, editing, and supervision. KK contributed to conceptualization, editing, supervision, and funding acquisition.
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Kumar, H., Dhalaria, R., Guleria, S. et al. Immunosensors in food, health, environment, and agriculture: a review. Environ Chem Lett (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01745-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01745-z