Abstract
In the search for an effective biocatalyst for the reduction of acetophenones with unprotected hydroxy group on the benzene ring, a microorganism, which reduced para-acetylphenol to S-(−)-1-(para-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol under anaerobic conditions, was isolated from soil samples and the 16S rDNA study showed that it was phylogenetically affiliated with species of the genus Rhodococcus and was most similar to Rhodococcus pyridinivorans. Unexpectedly, this strain also hydroxylated para-acetylphenol to give 4-acetylcatechol in presence of oxygen, possessing para-acetylphenol hydroxylase activity. While the reduction of para-acetylphenol had an optimal reaction pH at 7 and a broad optimal temperature range (35–45 °C), the hydroxylation reached the maximum conversion at the pH range of 7–8 and 35 °C. This study identified for the first time a Rhodococcus strain with para-acetylphenol hydroxylase activity, which also contains highly enantioselective carbonyl reductase activity with potential applications for the asymmetric reduction of these less-explored but important ketones such as α-aminoacetophenone, 3′-hydroxyacetophenone and 4′-hydroxyacetophenone. The para-acetylphenol hydroxylase and carbonyl reductase activity are switchable by the reaction conditions.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Sch1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Fig4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Fig6_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Fig7_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10295-012-1199-5/MediaObjects/10295_2012_1199_Fig8_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Denopamine:
-
[(±)-α,α-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethylaminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol]
- Salmeterol:
-
[(±)-1,3-benzenedimethanol-4-hydroxy-α-[((6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl) -amino)methyl]
- MSM:
-
Mineral salt medium
- NRM:
-
Nutrient-rich medium
- TLC:
-
Thin-layer chromatography
- e.e.:
-
Enantiomeric excess
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
References
Arch JRS, Kaumann AJ (1993) β3 and atypical β-adrenoceptors. Med Res Rev 13(6):663–729
Bream RN, Ley SV, Procopiou PA (2002) Synthesis of the β2 agonist (R)-salmeterol using a sequence of supported reagents and scavenging agents. Org Lett 4(22):3793–3796. doi:10.1021/ol020128g
Buchanan DJ, Dixon DJ (2005) Looker BE (2005) A short stereoselective synthesis of (R)-salmeterol. Synlett 12:1948–1950. doi:10.1055/s-2005-871927
Coe DM, Perciaccante R, Procopiou PA (2003) Potassium trimethylsilanolate induced cleavage of 1,3-oxazolidin-2- and 5-ones, and application to the synthesis of (R)-salmeterol. Org Biomol Chem 1(7):1106–1111
Darby JM, Taylor DG, Hopper DJ (1987) Hydroquinone as the ring-fission substrate in the catabolism of 4-ethylphenol and 4-hydroxyacetophenone by Pseudomonas putida JD1. J Gen Microbiol 133(8):2137–2146. doi:10.1099/00221287-133-8-2137
Di Gennaro P, Bargna A, Sello G (2011) Microbial enzymes for aromatic compound hydroxylation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 90(6):1817–1827. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3285-4
Elks J, Ganellin CR (1990) Dictionary of drugs, chemical data, structure and bibliographies, 1st edn. University Press, Cambridge
Fernandez-Arrojo L, Guazzaroni M-E, Lopez-Cortes N, Beloqui A, Ferrer M (2010) Metagenomic era for biocatalyst identification. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:725–733
Finkelstein ZI, Baskunov BP, Boersma MG, Vervoort J, Golovlev EL, van Berkel WJH, Golovleva LA, Rietjens IMCM (2000) Identification of fluoropyrogallols as new intermediates in biotransformation of monofluorophenols in Rhodococcus opacus LCP. Appl Environ Microbiol 66(5):2148–2153. doi:10.1128/aem.66.5.2148-2153.2000
Goldberg K, Schroer K, Lütz S, Liese A (2007) Biocatalytic ketone reduction—a powerful tool for the production of chiral alcohols—part ii: whole-cell reductions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76:249–255
Goswami J, Bezbaruah RL, Goswami A, Borthakur N (2001) A convenient stereoselective synthesis of (R)-(−)-denopamine and (R)-(−)-salmeterol. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12(24):3343–3348. doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00010-1
Harayama S, Kok M, Neidle EL (1992) Functional and evolutionary relationships among diverse oxygenases. Ann Rev Microbiol 46(1):565–601. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.46.100192.003025
Higson FK, Focht DD (1990) Bacterial degradation of ring-chlorinated acetophenones. Appl Environ Microbiol 56(12):3678–3685
Hopper DJ, Jones HG, Elmorsi EA, Rhodes-Roberts ME (1985) The catabolism of 4-hydroxyacetophenone by an Alcaligenes sp. J Gen Microbiol 131(7):1807–1814. doi:10.1099/00221287-131-7-1807
Huisman GW, Liang J, Krebber A (2010) Practical chiral alcohol manufacture using ketoreductases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 14(2):122–129
Johnson M (1995) Salmeterol. Med Res Rev 15(3):225–257. doi:10.1002/med.2610150303
Jones KH, Trudgill PW, Hopper DJ (1993) Metabolism of p-cresol by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 59(4):1125–1130
Jones KH, Trudgill PW, Hopper DJ (1994) 4-ethylphenol metabolism by Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 60(6):1978–1983
Kamerbeek NM, Moonen MJH, van der Ven JGM, van Berkel WJH, Fraaije MW, Janssen DB (2001) 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB. Eur J Biochem 268(9):2547–2557. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02137.x
Kamerbeek NM, Olsthoorn AJJ, Fraaije MW, Janssen DB (2003) Substrate specificity and enantioselectivity of 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(1):419–426. doi:10.1128/aem.69.1.419-426.2003
Kim YJ, No JK, Lee JS, Kim MS, Chung HY (2006) Antimelanogenic activity of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone: inhibition of tyrosinase and MITF. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70(2):532–534
Kosjek B, Stampfer W, Pogorevc M, Goessler W, Faber K, Kroutil W (2004) Purification and characterization of a chemotolerant alcohol dehydrogenase applicable to coupled redox reactions. Biotechnol Bioeng 86(1):55–62. doi:10.1002/bit.20004
Kumaraswamy G, Ramesh S (2003) Soaked Phaseolus aureus L: an efficient biocatalyst for asymmetric reduction of prochiral aromatic ketones. Green Chem 5(3):306–308
Liu J, Zhou D, Jia X, Huang L, Li X, Chan ASC (2008) A convenient synthesis of (R)-salmeterol via Rh-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 19:1824–1828
Matsuda T, Yamanaka R, Nakamura K (2009) Recent progress in biocatalysis for asymmetric oxidation and reduction. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 20:513–557. doi:10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.12.035
McIntire W, Hopper DJ, Craig JC, Everhart ET, Webster RV, Causer MJ, Singer TP (1984) Stereochemistry of 1-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol produced by hydroxylation of 4-ethylphenol by p-cresol methylhydroxylase. Biochem J 224:617–621
McIntire WS, Everhart ET, Craig JC, Kuusk V (1999) A new procedure for deconvolution of inter-/intramolecular intrinsic primary and R-secondary deuterium isotope effects from enzyme steady-state kinetic data. J Am Chem Soc 121:5865–5880
Millership JS, Fitzpatrick A (1993) Commonly used chiral drugs: a survey. Chirality 5(8):573–576. doi:10.1002/chir.530050802
Moonen MJH, Kamerbeek NM, Westphal AH, Boeren SA, Janssen DB, Fraaije MW, van Berkel WJH (2008) Elucidation of the 4-hydroxyacetophenone catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB. J Bacteriol 190(15):5190–5198. doi:10.1128/jb.01944-07
Moore JC, Pollard DJ, Kosjek B, Devine PN (2007) Advances in the enzymatic reduction of ketones. Acc Chem Res 40(12):1412–1419
Neupert A, Ress T, Wittmann J, Hummel W, Groger H (2010) Enantioselective biocatalytic reduction of non-protected hydroxyacetophenones. Zeitsch Naturfor 65b:337–340
Ni Y, Xu J-H (2002) Asymmetric reduction of aryl ketones with a new isolate Rhodotorula sp. As2.2241. J Mol Catal B Enzym 18(4–6):233–241. doi:10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00101-7
Paris DF, Wolfe NL, Steen WC (1982) Structure–activity relationships in microbial transformation of phenols. Appl Environ Microbiol 44(1):153–158
Prelog V (1964) Specification of the stereospecificity of some oxidoreductases by diamond lattice sections. Pure Appl Chem 9(1):119–130
Procopiou PA, Morton GE, Todd M, Webb G (2001) Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-salmeterol via asymmetric reduction of azidoketone by Pichia angusta. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 12 (14):2005–2008. doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00350-0
Rehdorf J, Zimmer CL, Bornscheuer UT (2009) Cloning, expression, characterization, and biocatalytic investigation of the 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase from Pseudomonas putida JD1. Appl Environ Microbiol 75(10):3106–3114. doi:10.1128/aem.02707-08
Rocha LC, Ferreira HV, Pimenta EF, Berlinck RGS, Rezende MOO, Landgraf MD, Seleghim MHR, Sette LD, Porto ALM (2010) Biotransformation of α-bromoacetophenones by the marine fungus Aspergillus sydowii. Mar Biotechnol 12:552–557
Saa L, Jaureguibeitia A, Largo E, Llama M, Serra J (2010) Cloning, purification and characterization of two components of phenol hydroxylase from Rhodococcus erythropolis upv-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86(1):201–211. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2251-x
Takeo M, Murakami M, Niihara S, Yamamoto K, Nishimura M, Kato D-I, Negoro S (2008) Mechanism of 4-nitrophenol oxidation in Rhodococcus sp. Strain PN1: characterization of the two-component 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase and regulation of its expression. J Bacteriol 190 (22):7367–7374. doi:10.1128/jb.00742-08
Takeo M, Yasukawa T, Abe Y, Niihara S, Maeda Y, Negoro S (2003) Cloning and characterization of a 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase gene cluster from Rhodococcus sp. PN1. J Boiosci Bioeng 95(2):139–145. doi:10.1016/s1389-1723(03)80119-6
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) Mega4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (mega) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24(8):1596–1599. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm092
Tanner A, Hopper DJ (2000) Conversion of 4-hydroxyacetophenone into 4-phenyl acetate by a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing Baeyer-Villiger-type monooxygenase. J Bacteriol 182(23):6565–6569. doi:10.1128/jb.182.23.6565-6569.2000
van der Werf MJ, van der Ven C, Barbirato F, Eppink MHM, de Bont JAM, van Berkel WJH (1999) Stereoselective carveol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14. J Biol Chem 274(37):26296–26304. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.37.26296
Wohlgemuth R (2010) Biocatalysis—key to sustainable industrial chemistry. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:713–724
Yadav JS, Reddy BVS, Sreelakshmi C, Rao AB (2009) Enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones employing sprouted Pisum sativa as biocatalyst. Synthesis 11:1881–1885
Yamada-Onodera K, Takase Y, Tani Y (2007) Purification and characterization of 2-aminoacetophenone reductase of newly isolated Burkholderia sp. YT. J Boiosci Bioeng 104(5):416–419
Yamamoto K, Nishimura M, Kato D-i, Takeo M, Negoro S (2011) Identification and characterization of another 4-nitrophenol degradation gene cluster, nps, in Rhodococcus sp. Strain PN1. J Boiosci Bioeng 111(6):687–694. doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.01.016
Zelinski T, Kula M-R (1994) A kinetic study and application of a novel carbonyl reductase isolated from Rhodococcus erythropolis. Bioorg Med Chem 2(6):421–428. doi:10.1016/0968-0896(94)80010-3
Zhao G, Wang J, Ma K, Yang L, Wu S, Liu Y, Sun W (2004) Transformation of 2-aminoacetophenone to (S)-2-amino-1-phenylethanol by Arthrobacter sulfureus. Biotechnol Lett 26(16):1255–1259. doi:10.1023/B:BILE.0000044921.03737.c2
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2011CB710801) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (KGCX2-YW-203).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, R., Ren, J., Wang, Y. et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel Rhodococcus strain with switchable carbonyl reductase and para-acetylphenol hydroxylase activities. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40, 11–20 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-012-1199-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-012-1199-5