Abstract
Handmade carpets are of high importance in culture and art and play a vital role in economy. These days, there is a great desire to produce handmade carpets by using natural materials and methods. Traditionally, in the production of Iranian handmade carpets, natural raw materials such as dyes and fibers have been used. Natural fibers like wool, cotton, and silk cannot typically be dyed using only natural colors. They require metal salt compounds as mordants for improving their fastness properties, promoting dye adsorption on the fibers, and providing a range of colors. In order to prepare a completely eco-friendly carpet, metal and toxic mordants should be replaced by herbal ones. This paper attempts to investigate the red color gamut of wool yarns achieved through a clean dyeing method with madder using biomordants instead of metallic mordants. To this aim, various concentrations of madder were applied on wool yarns pre-mordanted with different concentrations of mineral mordants and biomordants. The results showed that, in addition to the light, wash, and rubbing fastness properties, biomordants were able to match the color gamut of wool yarns pre-mordanted with mineral mordants and dyed with madder. As a result, clean production of Iranian handmade carpets in the shade of red color is feasible.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The authors confirm the availability of data and materials by request.
References
Adeel Sh, Kiran S, Shahid M, Habib SR, Habib N, Hussaa M (2022) Ecofriendly application of coconut coir (Cocos nucifera) extract for silk dyeing. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:564–572
Bakke A, Farup I, Hardeberg J (2010) Evaluation of algorithms for the determination of color gamut boundaries. JIST 54:50502–50511
Balasubramanian R, Dalal EA (1997) Method for quantifying the color gamut of an output device. SPIE Proc 3018:110–116
Berns RS (1954) Billmeyer and Zaltzman’s principles of color technology, 4th edn. Wiley, USA, pp 84–87
Buyukakinci BY, Karadag R (2022) Optimization of the natural dyes extraction (Madder and Wallonia oak) and cotton dyeing using microwave irradiation. Text Leather Rev 5:451–462. https://doi.org/10.31881/TLR.2022.42
Chakraborty L, Pandit P, Roy Maulik S (2020) Acacia auriculiformis-a natural dye used for simultaneous coloration and functional finishing on textiles. J Clean Prod 245:118921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118921
Chen S (2009) Effects of paper properties on xerographic print quality. Doctoral dissertation
Cristea D, Vilarem G (2006) Improving light fastness of natural dyes on cotton yarn. Dyes Pigments 70(3):238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.03.006
Darban M, Shabanifar Sh, Khairuzzaman W, Ismail W (2011) Adoption of technology in the hand woven carpet industry: the case of Alinasab Carpet Company. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 5(10):551–559
Ford LL (2017) Chemical analysis and elucidation of anthraquinone and flavonoid type compounds with applications to historical artefacts and sustainability. PhD thesis, The University of Leeds
Gong K et al (2019) Natural pigment during flora leaf senescence and its application in dyeing and UV protection finish of silk and wool - a case study of Cinnamomum Camphora. Dyes Pigments 166:114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.03.037
Haji A, Naebe M (2020) Cleaner dyeing of textiles using plasma treatment and natural dyes: a review. J Clean Prod 265:121866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121866
Hosseinnezhad M, Gharanjig K, Belbasi S, Seied Saadati SH (2017) Green dyeing of silk fabrics in the presence of pomegranate extract as natural mordant. Progress Color, Color Coat 10:129–133
Hosseinnezhad M, Gharanjig K, Belbasi S, Seied Saadati SH, Saeb MR (2018) The use of sumac as a natural mordant in green production of iranian carpet. Fibers Polym 19:1908–1912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-7961-1
Hosseinnezhad M, Gharanjig K, Razani N, Jafari R, Saeb MR (2022) Green miles in dyeing technology: metal-rich pumpkin extracts in aid of natural dyes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:50608–50616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19389-3
Imani H, Gharanjig K, Ahmadi Z (2022) A novel efficient method for eco-friendly deep dyeing of wool yarns by extracted madder dyes in the presence of additives. Ind Crops Prod 183:114970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114970
Jahangiri A, Ghoreishian SM, Akbari A, Norouzi M, Ghasemi M, Ghoreishian M, Shafiabadi E (2018) Natural dyeing of wool by madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) root extract using tannin-based biomordants: colorimetric fastness and tensile assay. Yarns Polym 19:2139–2148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-8069-3
McDonald (1997) Colour physics for industry. 2nd edn. Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, pp 81–120
Mehrparvar L, Safapour S, Sadeghi-Kiakhani M, Gharanjig K (2016) A cleaner and eco-benign process for wool dyeing with madder, Rubia tinctorum L., root natural dye. Int J Environ Sci Technol 13:2569–2578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1060-x
Moody V, Needles HL (2004) Tufted carpet: textile fibers, dyes, finishes and processes. William Andrew, Norwich
Morvic J (2008) Color gamut map**. Hewlett- Packard Company, Barcelona, pp 143–155
Rehman F, Adeel Sh, Liaqat S et al (2022) Environmental friendly bio-dyeing of silk using Alkanna tinctoria based Alkannin natural dye. Ind Crops Prod 186:115301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115301
Sadeghi Kiakhani M, Safapour S, Golpazir Sorkheh Y (2019) Impact of chitosan-poly(amidoamine) dendreimer hybrid treatment on dyeing and color fastness properties of wool yarn with madder natural dye. Progress Color, Color Coat 12:241–250. https://doi.org/10.30509/PCCC.2019.81595
Sadeghi Kiakhani M, Hashemi E, Gharanjig K (2020) Treating wool yarns with chitosan-based nano-composites for enhancing the antimicrobial properties. Appl Nanosci 10:1219–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-019-01203-1
Sandberg G (1996) The red dyes: cochineal, madder and murex purple: a world tour of textile techniques. Lark Books pub
Shahid M, Shahid-ul-Islam M, Mohammad F (2013) Recent advancements in natural dye applications: a review. J Clean Prod 53:310–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.031
Singh R, Geetanjali, Chauhan SMS (2004) 9,10-Anthraquinones and other biologically active compounds from the genus Rubia. Chem Biodivers 1:1241–1264. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200490088
Sun B, Liu H, Li W, Zhou S (2014) A color gamut description algorithm for liquid crystal displays in CIELAB space. TSWJ
Villela A, van Vuuren MSA, Willemen HM, Derksen GCH, van Beek TA (2019) Photo-stability of a flavonoid dye in presence of aluminium ions”. Dyes Pigments 162:222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2018.10.021
Yusuf M, Mohammad F, Shabbir M, Ali Khan M (2016) Eco-dyeing of wool with Rubia cordifolia root extract: assessment of the effect of Acacia catechu as biomordant on color and fastness properties. Text Cloth Sustain 2(10):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40689-016-0021-6
Yusuf M, Ahmad Khan Sh, Shabbir M, Mohammad F (2017) Develo** a shade range on wool by Madder (Rubia cordifolia) root extract with gallnut (Quercus infectoria) as biomordant. J Nat Yarns 14(4):597–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2016.1240641
Yusuf M, Mohammad F, Shabbir M (2017b) Eco-friendly and effective dyeing of wool with anthraquinone colorants extracted from Rubia cordifolia roots: optimization, colorimetric and fastness assay. J King Saud Univ Sci 29(2):137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2016.06.005
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation was performed by Prof. KG. The data collection and analysis was performed by Dr. RJ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. RJ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval
The authors approve all the ethical subjects have been presented by the Journal.
Consent to participate
All authors declare their consent to participate in the current research.
Consent to publish
All authors declare their consent to publish current research after receiving the acceptance from the journal.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jafari, R., Gharanjig, K. Clean production of handmade carpets: toward the red color gamut. Clean Techn Environ Policy (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02770-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02770-w