Abstract
The soils are often distributed in a stratified structure. When an earthquake occurs, there are always risks of liquefaction for stratified soils which can cause serious consequences. The research aims to investigate the liquefaction and post-liquefaction deformation of saturated sand with stratified structure. The influences of liquefaction and post-liquefaction deformation were analyzed by varying the thickness, position, and layers of powdery sands. The findings showed that the correlations between the times taken to reach liquefaction for cyclic loading and the thicknesses of the powdery sandy interlayer are non-linear. With the optimal thickness, the powdery sand interlayer can effectively prevent the transfer of power water pressure. And two-layer powdery interlayer in the sample was more favorable to resist pore water pressure than that with single layer. The strength of post-liquefaction deformation and failure patterns are closely related to the distribution of powdery layer. The work provides new research evidence on the liquefaction and failure mechanism of saturated sands with stratified structure under cyclic loading which often happen during earthquakes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguirre J, Irikura K (1997) Non-linearity, liquefaction, and velocity variation of soft soil layers in Port Island, Kobe, during the Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. Bull Seism Soc Am 87:1244–1258
Amini F, Qi GZ (2000) Liquefaction testing of stratified silty sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(3):208–217
Arel E, Onalp A, Olgun GC (2018) The effect of clay mineral content on the dynamic response of reconstituted fine grained soil. B Earthq Eng 16(10):4515–4532
Bayat M, Ghalandarzadeh A (2019) Influence of depositional method on dynamic properties of granular soil. Int J Civ Eng 17(6):907–920
Carey JM, Mcsaveney MJ, Petley DN (2017) Dynamic liquefaction of shear zones in intact loess during simulated earthquake loading. Landslides 14(3):789–804
Chang M, Kuo CP, Hsu RE, Shau SH, Lin TM (2012) Liquefaction potential and post-liquefaction settlement evaluations of the Chuoshui River Alluvial Fan in Taiwan. Bull Eng Geol Environ 71(2):325–336
Chen GX, Liu XZ (2004) Study on dynamic pore water pressure in silty clay interbedded with fine sand of Nan**g. J Geotech Eng 01:79–82 (in Chinese)
Chen HE, Jiang YL, Niu CC, Leng GJ, Tian GL (2019) Dynamic characteristics of saturated loess under different confining pressures: a microscopic analysis. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:931–944
Stamatopoulos CA (2010) An experimental study of the liquefaction strength of silty sands in terms of the state parameter. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30:662–678
Dammala PK, Kumar SS, Krishna AM, Bhattacharya S (2019) Dynamic soil properties and liquefaction potential of northeast Indian soil for non-linear effective stress analysis. B Earthq Eng 17(6):2899–2933
Ecemis N, Demirci HE, Karaman M (2015) Influence of consolidation properties on the cyclic re-liquefaction potential of sands. B Earthq Eng 13(6):1655–1673
Elgamal A, Dobry WR, Adalıer K (1989) Small scale shaking table tests of saturated layered sand-silt deposits. Proc 2nd US-Japan Workshop on Soil Liquefaction, Buffalo 233-245
Finn WDL (1982) Fundamental aspects of response of tailing dams to earthquakes. Dyn Stability of Tailing Dams, ASCE Nat Convention, ASCE, New York, pp 46–72
Huang Y, Yang Y, Wang L (2019) Evolution of anti-liquefaction performance of foundation soils after dam construction. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(1):641–651
Huang Y, Zhao L (2018) The effects of small particles on soil seismic liquefaction resistance: current findings and future challenges. Nat Hazards 92:567–579
Javdanian H (2019) Evaluation of soil liquefaction potential using energy approach: experimental and statistical investigation. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(3):1697–1708
Jia MC, Wang BY (2013) Liquefaction testing of stratified sands interlayered with silt. Appl Mech Mater 256-259:116–119
** JX, Song CG, Liang B, Chen YJ, Su ML (2018) Dynamic characteristics of tailings reservoir under seismic load. Environ Earth Sci 77:654
Karamitros DK, Bouckovalas GD, Chaloulos YK, Andrianopoulos KI (2013) Numerical analysis of liquefaction-induced bearing capacity degradation of shallow foundations on a two-layered soil profile. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 44(1):90–101
Kokusho T, Hara T, Hiraoka R (2004) Undrained shear strength of granular soils with different partical gradations. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130(6):621–129
Kokusho T, Kojima T (2002) Mechanism for postliqefaction water film generation in layered sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 128(2):129–137
Lee JH, Shibuya S, Lohani TN, Wakamoto T, Kataoka S (2015) Effect of grain-size distribution on cyclic strength of granular soils. Proc Computer Methods and Recent Advances in Geomechanics, Kyoto, pp 699–703
Lei Z, Matthew ET (2018) Boundary effects in discrete element method modeling of undrained cyclic triaxial and simple shear element tests. Granul Matter 20(4):60
Li C, **u ZG, Ji YC, Wang FL, Chan AHC (2019) Analyzing the deformation of multilayered saturated sandy soils under large Building Foundation. KSCE J Civ Eng 23(9):3764–3776
Mandokhail SUJ, Park D, Yoo JK (2017) Development of normalized liquefaction resistance curve for clean sands. B Earthq Eng 15(3):907–929
Ozener PT, Ozaydin K, Berilgen M (2008) Numerical and physical modeling of liquefaction mechanisms in layered sands. In: Proc Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV Congress. American Society of Civil Engineers, Sacramento
Pan K, Yang ZX (2018) Effects of initial static shear on cyclic resistance and pore pressure generation of saturated sand. Acta Geotech 13(2):473–487
Peyman A, Ali P (2017) Liquefaction-induced settlement of shallow foundations on two-layered subsoil strata. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 94:35–46
Pradhan TBS (1997) Liquefaction behavior of sandy soil sandwiched by clay layers. Proc 7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Honolulu, HI, 676-682
Sato K, Kokusho T, Matsumoto M, Yamada E (1996) Nonlinear seismic response and soil property during strong motion. Soils Found 36:41–52
Skempton AW (1954) The pore pressure coefficients A and B. Geotechnique 4(4):143–147
Wang FL, Wang SH, Hashmi MZ, **u ZG (2018b) The characterization of rock slope stability using key blocks within the framework of GeoSMA-3D. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77:1405–1420
Wang JX, Deng YS, Shao YL, Liu XT, Bo F, Wu LB, Zhou J, YIN Y, Xu N, Peng HH (2018a) Liquefaction behavior of dredged silty-fine sands under cyclic loading for land reclamation: laboratory experiment and numerical simulation. Environ Earth Sci 77:471
Ye JH, Wang G (2016) Numerical simulation of the seismic liquefaction mechanism in an offshore loosely deposited seabed. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75(3):1183–1197
Yoshimine M, Koike R (2005) Liquefaction of clean sand with stratified structure due to segregation of particle size. Soils Found 45(4):89–98
Zeghal M, Shamy UE (2008) Liquefaction of saturated loose and cemented granular soils. Powder Technol 184(2):254–265
Zhou YG, Liu K, Ling DS, Shen T, Chen YM (2018) Threshold seismic energy and liquefaction distance limit during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Bull Eng Geol Environ 16(11):5151–5170
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to associate prof. Chun Li in the guidance presented in the work.
Funding
This work was conducted with supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1602232 and 51474050), Liaoning Science and Technology Project (2019JH2/10100035).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
**u, Z., Wang, S., Ji, Y. et al. Experimental investigation on liquefaction and post-liquefaction deformation of stratified saturated sand under cyclic loading. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79, 2313–2324 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01696-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01696-8