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Sustained Three-Year Declines in Forest Soil Respiration are Proportional to Disturbance Severity

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Abstract

Soil respiration (Rs) is the largest outward flux of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems, accounting for more than half of total temperate forest C loss. Evaluating the drivers of this globally important flux, as well as identifying autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) responses, is critical in the era of rapid global change because small changes could result in disproportionally large impacts to ecosystem C balance. We assessed four years of Rs and Rh from the Forest Resilience Threshold Experiment (FoRTE) to better understand how soil C fluxes respond to a disturbance simulating phloem-disrupting insects. This replicated experiment spanning multiple landscape ecosystems contains four disturbance severities of 0, 45, 65 and 85% gross defoliation as well as two disturbance types targeting the upper and lower canopy. We found an immediate and sustained decline in Rs following phloem disruption that persisted for three years and was proportional to severity. Proportional declines in basal soil respiration and fine-root production with increasing disturbance severity and stable Rh lead us to conclude that Ra drove the suppression of Rs into the third year following disturbance. These responses were conserved across four landscape ecosystems, suggesting the mechanisms causing Rs to decline following phloem disruption were similar despite large differences in composition and productivity. The 3-year reduction of C losses through Rs and, contrastingly, sustained C storage through wood production suggests ecosystem C balance may have remained relatively stable in the first few years following disturbance, even at the highest severity.

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Data Availability

Data used in this analysis are available via the R FoRTE data package (fortedata): https://github.com/FoRTExperiment/fortedata. Statistical analysis, workflow and code used to visualize results are available via: https://github.com/kaylamathes/FoRTE_Rs.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the University of Michigan Biological Station for hosting our work and supporting our team members.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Science Foundation, Division of Environmental Biology (Award 1655095).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary St., Box 842012, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA

    Kayla C. Mathes, Jeff W. Atkins & Christopher M. Gough

  2. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA

    Stephanie Pennington & Ben Bond-Lamberty

  3. Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Western Colorado University, 1 Western Way, Gunnison, Colorado, 81231, USA

    Carly Rodriguez

  4. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, P.O. Box 700, New Ellenton, South Carolina, 29809, USA

    Jeff W. Atkins

  5. University of Michigan Biological Station, 9133 Biological Rd, Pellston, Michigan, 49769, USA

    Christoph S. Vogel

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  1. Kayla C. Mathes
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Correspondence to Kayla C. Mathes.

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Author Contributions: KCM performed research, analyzed data, contributed new methods and models and wrote the paper. SP and CR performed research and analyzed data. JWA performed research, analyzed data and contributed new methods. CSV performed research and contributed new methods. BBL and CMG conceived of and designed study, contributed new methods and models and contributed to manuscript writing.

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Mathes, K.C., Pennington, S., Rodriguez, C. et al. Sustained Three-Year Declines in Forest Soil Respiration are Proportional to Disturbance Severity. Ecosystems 26, 1766–1783 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-023-00863-z

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