Abstract
Current research on electrochemical device application focuses on the usage of biopolymers like chitosan, pectin, agar-agar, cellulose acetate, and carrageenan as the electrolyte. The present work deals with the study of an eco-friendly biopolymer electrolyte pectin with magnesium nitrate salt Mg(NO3)2 prepared by solution casting technique. The prepared biopolymer electrolytes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), AC impedance analysis, and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). XRD analysis has been used to confirm the amorphous nature of the biopolymer pectin and magnesium nitrate salt. FTIR analysis has been used to confirm the complex formation between the polymer and the salt. DSC analysis has been used to find the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the prepared biopolymer electrolytes. AC impedance analysis has been used to study the electrical characterization of the prepared biopolymer electrolytes. The biopolymer electrolyte 50 M.wt% pectin:50 M.wt% Mg(NO3)2 has the highest ionic conductivity in the order of 10−4 S cm−1. The total ionic transference number of the highest conducting sample is 0.97 and the transference number of Mg2+ ion is 0.29. LSV has been used to find the electrochemical stability of the biopolymer electrolytes. The electrochemical stability of 50 M.wt% pectin:50 M.wt% Mg(NO3)2 is 3.8 V. This biopolymer electrolyte has been used to construct magnesium ion battery and the battery performance has been studied.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-019-04313-6/MediaObjects/10008_2019_4313_Fig16_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liu W, Lin D, Sun J, Zhou G, Cui Y (2016) Improved lithium ionic conductivity in composite polymer electrolytes with oxide-ion conducting nanowires. ACS Nano 10(12):11407–11413
Zulkefli FN, Navaratnam S, Ahmad AH (2015) Proton conducting biopolymer electrolytes based on starch incorporated with ammonium thiocyanate. Adv Mater Res 1112:275–278
Hemalatha R, Radha KP, Jesintha Leema Rose 004D (2016) AC impedance, FTIR studies of biopolymer electrolyte potato starch: NH4SCN. Int J Multidiscip Educ Res 1:01–03
Rani M, Rudhziah S, Ahmad A, Mohamed N (2014) Biopolymer electrolyte based on derivatives of cellulose from kenaf bast fiber. Polymers 6(9):2371–2385
Monisha S, Mathavan T, Selvasekarapandian S, Milton Franklin Benial A, Aristatil G, Mani N, Premalatha M, Vinoth pandi D (2017) Investigation of bio polymer electrolyte based on cellulose acetate-ammonium nitrate for potential use in electrochemical devices. Carbohydr Polym 157:38–47
Sohaimy MIH, Isa MIN (2017) Ionic conductivity and conduction mechanism studies on cellulose based solid polymer electrolytes doped with ammonium carbonate. Polym Bull 74(4):1371–1386
Selvalakshmi S, Vijaya N, Selvasekarapandian S, Premalatha M (2017) Biopolymer agar-agar doped with NH4SCN as solid polymer electrolyte for electrochemical cell application. J Appl Polym Sci 134:44702
Karthikeyan S, Selvasekarapandian S, Premalatha M, Monisha S, Boopathi G, Aristatil G, Arun A, Madeswaran S (2016) Proton-conducting I-carrageenan-based biopolymer electrolyte for fuel cell application. Ionics 23:2775–2780
Mohnen D (2008) Pectin structure and biosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11(3):266–277
Srivastava P, Malviya R (2011) Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry—an overview. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2:10–18
Shendge RS, Jamdhade AA, Pande VV (2014) Novel strategy in controlled gastroretentive drug delivery: in-situ floating gel. Int J Drug Deliv 6:230–243
Kavitha S, Vijaya N, Pandeeswari R, Premalatha M (2016) Vibrational, electrical and optical studies on pectin-based polymer electrolyte. Int Res J Eng Tech 3:1385–1390
Perumal P, Christopher Selvin P, Selvasekarapandian S (2018) Characterization of biopolymer pectin with lithium chloride and its applications to electrochemical devices. Ionics 24(10):3259–3270
Vijaya N, Selvasekarapandian S, Sornalatha M, Sujithra KS, Monisha S (2016) Proton-conducting biopolymer electrolytes based on pectin doped with NH4X (X=Cl, Br). Ionics 23:2799–2808
Muthukrishnan M, Shanthi C, Selvasekarapandian S, Manjuladevi R, Perumal P, Chrishtopher Selvin P (2018) Synthesis and characterization of pectin-based biopolymer electrolyte for electrochemical applications. Ionics. 25(1):203–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2568-5
Mendes JP, Esperança JMSS, Medeiros MJ, Pawlicka A, Silva MM (2017) Structural, morphological, ionic conductivity, and thermal properties of pectin-based polymer electrolytes. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 643(1):266–273
Yoo HD, Shterenberg I, Gofer Y, Gershinsky G, Pour N, Aurbach D (2013) Mg rechargeable batteries: an on-going challenge. Energy Environ Sci 6(8):2265
Pandey GP, Agrawal RC, Hashmi SA (2009) Magnesium ion-conducting gel polymer electrolytes dispersed with nanosized magnesium oxide. J Power Sources 190(2):563–572
Sharma J, Hashmi S (2018) Magnesium ion-conducting gel polymer electrolyte nanocomposites: effect of active and passive nanofillers. Polym Compos 40(4):1295–1306. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24853
Ramaswamy M, Malayandi T, Subramanian S, Srinivasalu J, Rangaswamy M, Soundararajan V (2017) Development and study of solid polymer electrolyte based on polyvinyl alcohol: Mg(ClO4)2. Ploys Plast Technol Eng 56(9):992–1002
Kumar Y, Hashmi SA, Pandey GP (2011) Ionic liquid mediated magnesium ion conduction in poly(ethylene oxide) based polymer electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 56(11):3864–3873
Shanmuga Priya S, Karthika M, Selvasekarapandian S, Manjuladevi R, Monisha S (2018) Study of biopolymer I-carrageenan with magnesium perchlorate. Ionics 24(12):3861–3875
Manjuladevi R, Selvasekarapandian S, Thamilselvan M, Mangalam R, Monisha S, Selvin PC (2018) A study on blend polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly (acrylonitrile) with magnesium nitrate for magnesium battery. Ionics 24(11):3493–3506
Sharma J, Hashmi SA (2018) Plastic crystal-incorporated magnesium ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte for battery application. Bull Mater Sci 41(6):147
Jia X, Yang Y, Wang C, Zhao C, Vijayaraghavan R, MacFarlane DR, Wallace GG (2014) Biocompatible ionic liquid–biopolymer electrolyte-enabled thin and compact magnesium–air batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(23):21110–21117
Andrade JR, Raphael E, Pawlicka A (2009) Plasticized pectin-based gel electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 54(26):6479–6483
Leones R, Botelho MBS, Sentanin F, Cesarino I, Pawlicka A, Camargo ASS, Silva MM (2014) Pectin-based polymer electrolytes with Ir(III) complexes. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 604(1):117–125
Hodge RM, Edward GH, Simon GP (1996) Water absorption and states of water in semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) films. Polymer 37(8):1371–1376
Sikkanthar S, Karthikeyan S, Selvasekarapandian S, Pandi DV, Nithya S, Sanjeeviraja C (2014) Electrical conductivity characterization of polyacrylonitrile-ammonium bromide polymer electrolyte system. J Solid State Electrochem 19:987–999
Sridevi D, Rajendran KV (2009) Synthesis and optical characteristics of ZnO nanocrystals. Bull Master Sci 32(2):165–168
Vij A, Chawla AK, Kumar R, Lochab SP, Chandra R, Singh N (2010) Effect of 120 MeVAg9+ ion beam irradiation on the structure and photoluminescence of SrS:Ce nanostructures. Phys B 405(11):2573–2576
Moniha V, Alagar M, Selvasekarapandian S, Sundaresan B, Boopathi G (2018) Conductive bio-polymer electrolyte iota-carrageenan with ammonium nitrate for application in electrochemical devices. J Non-Cryst Solids 481:424–434
Sutar PB, Mishra RK, Pal K, Banthia AK (2007) Development of pH sensitive polyacrylamide grafted pectin hydrogel for controlled drug delivery system. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:2247–2253
Maciel VBV, Yoshida CMP, Franco TT (2015) Chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complex as a pH indicator. Carbohydr Polym 132:537–545
Mishra RK, Sutar PB, Singhal JP, Banthia AK (2007) Graft copolymerization of pectin with polyacrylamide. Polym Plast Technol Eng 46(11):1079–1085
Manjuladevi R, Thamilselvan M, Selvasekarapandian S, Christopher Selvin P, Mangalam R, Monisha S (2017) Preparation and characterization of blend polymer electrolyte film based on poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(acrylonitrile)/MgCl2 for energy storage devices. Ionics 24:1083–1095
Nirmala Devi G, Chitra S, Selvasekarapandian S, Premalatha M, Monisha S, Saranya J (2017) Synthesis and characterization of dextrin-based polymer electrolytes for potential applications in energy storage devices. Ionics 23(12):3377–3388
Premalatha M, Vijaya N, Selvasekarapandian S, Selvalakshmi S (2016) Characterization of blend polymer PVA-PVP complexed with ammonium thiocyanate. Ionics 22(8):1299–1310
Ramesh S, Arof AK (2001) Ionic conductivity studies of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) polymer electrolytes. Mater Sci Eng B 85(1):11–15
Boukamp BA (1986) A non-linear lease square fit procedure for analysis of immittance data of electrochemical systems. Solid State Ionics 20(1):31–44
Teeters D, Neuman RG, Tate BD (1996) The concentration behavior of lithium triflate at the surface of polymer electrolyte materials. Solid State Ionics 85(1-4):239–245
Ross Macdonald J (1992) Impedance spectroscopy. Ann Biomed Eng 20(3):289–305
Adachi K, Urakawa O (2002) Dielectric study of concentration fluctuations in concentrated polymer solutions. J Non-Cryst Solids 307:667–670
Wagner JB, Wagner C (1957) Electrical conductivity measurements on cuprous halides. J Chem Phys 26(6):1597–1601
Evans J, Vincent CA, Bruce PG (1987) Electrochemical measurement of transference numbers in polymer electrolytes. Polymer 28(13):2324–2328
Boukamp BA (1986) A nonlinear least squares fit procedure for analysis of immittance data of electrochemical systems. Solid State Ionics 20(1):31–44
Boukamp BA (1986) A package for impedance/admittance data analysis. Solid State Ionics 18:136–140
Reddy CVS, Sharma AK, Rao VN (2003) Conductivity and discharge characteristics of polyblend (PVP+ PVA+ KIO3) electrolyte. J Power Sources 114(2):338–345
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kiruthika, S., Malathi, M., Selvasekarapandian, S. et al. Eco-friendly biopolymer electrolyte, pectin with magnesium nitrate salt, for application in electrochemical devices. J Solid State Electrochem 23, 2181–2193 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04313-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04313-6