Abstract
The South China Sea (SCS) is affected by two components of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO): namely the 10–30d BSISO and 30–60d BSISO. In this study, the modulation of tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) over the SCS by individual and combined modes of BSISO is investigated from the view of dynamic and energy conversion. Results suggest that the number of TCG varies significantly with the life cycle of BSISO, with the influence of 30–60d mode being more significant than that of 10–30d mode. When 10–30d/30–60d BSISO is in convective phase, the cyclone triggered by active convection over the SCS leads to meridional shear of zonal winds and convergence of meridional winds, which favors synoptic-scale eddies gaining energy from BSISO flows through barotropic energy conversion. These growing eddies, together with beneficial environmental conditions such as low-level convergence and cyclonic vorticity, create a favorable environment for TCG over the SCS. Compared to 10–30d BSISO, synoptic-scale eddies gain more energy from 30–60d BSISO. When the SCS is under combined effect of dual modes, the modulation of 10–30d mode on TCG tends to be subjective to 30–60d mode. The impact of 10–30d BSISO is less obvious during nonconvective phase of 30–60d BSISO when compared to the convective counterparts over the SCS.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Annamalai H, Slingo JM (2001) Active/break cycles: diagnosis of the intraseasonal variability of the Asian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn 18:85–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820100161
Annamalai H, Sperber KR (2005) Regional heat sources and the active and break phases of boreal summer intraseasonal (30–50 day) variability. J Atmos Sci 62(8):2726–2748. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3504.1
Camargo SJ, Robertson AW, Gaffney SJ, Smyth P, Ghil M (2007) Cluster analysis of typhoon tracks. Part I: general properties. J Climate 20:3635–3653. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4188.1
Chan JCL (2005) Interannual and interdecadal variations of tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific. Meteorol Atmos Phys 89(1–4):143–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0126-y
Chen GH, Huang RH (2009) Dynamical effects of low frequency oscillation tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific and the physical mechanisms. Chin J Atmos Sci 33(2):205–214 (in Chinese)
Chen TC, Wang SY, Yen MC, Clark AJ (2009) Impact of the intraseasonal variability of the western North Pacific large-scale circulation on tropical cyclone tracks. Weather Forecast 24:646–666. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008WAF2222186.1
Chu JE, Hameed SN, Ha KJ (2012) Non-linear, intraseasonal phases of the East Asian summer monsoon: extraction and analysis using self-organizing maps. J Climate 25(20):6975–6988. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00512.1
Feng T, Chen GH, Huang RH, Shen XY (2014) Large-scale circulation patterns favorable to tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific and associated barotropic energy conversions. Int J Climatol 34(1):216–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3680
Hall JD, Matthews AJ, Karoly DJ (2001) The modulation of tropical cyclone activity in the Australian region by the Madden–Julian oscillation. Mon Wea Rev 129(12):2970–2982. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129%3c2970:TMOTCA%3e2.0.CO;2
Hoskins BJ, James IN, White GH (1983) The shape, propagation, and mean-flow interaction of large-scale weather systems. J Atmos Sci 40:1595–1612. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040%3c1595:TSPAMF%3e2.0.CO;2
Hsu PC, Li T (2011) Interactions between boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations and synoptic-scale disturbances over the western North Pacific. Part II: apparent heat and moisture sources and eddy momentum transport. J Climate 24:940–959. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3834.1
Hsu HH, Weng CH (2001) Northwestward propagation of the intraseasonal oscillation in the western North Pacific during the boreal summer: structure and mechanism. J Climate 14(18):3834–3850. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3c3834:NPOTIO%3e2.0.CO;2
Hsu PC, Tsou CH, Hsu HH, Chen JH (2009) Eddy energy along the tropical storm track in association with ENSO. J Meteor Soc Japan 87:687–704. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.87.687
Hsu PC, Li T, Tsou CH (2011) Interactions between boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations and synoptic-scale disturbances over the western North Pacific Part I: energetics diagnosis. J Climate 24(3):927–941. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3833.1
Huang P, Chou C, Huang RH (2011) Seasonal modulation of tropical intraseasonal oscillations on tropical cyclone geneses in the western North Pacific. J Climate 24(24):6339–6352. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4200.1
Huangfu JL, Huang RH, Chen W (2017) Statistical analysis and a case study of tropical cyclones that trigger the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon. Sci Rep 7:12732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13128-2
Huangfu JL, Chen W, Huang RH et al (2019) Modulation of the impacts of the Indian ocean basin mode on tropical cyclones over the northwest Pacific during the boreal summer by La Niña Modoki. J Climate 32(11):3313–3326. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0638.1
Huangfu JL, Cao X, Wu RG et al (2022) Influences of central Pacific warming on synoptic-scale wave intensity over the northwest Pacific. Clim Dyn 58:555–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05922-6
Huangfu JL, Chen W, Lai X et al (2021) Roles of synoptic-scale waves and intraseasonal oscillations in the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon. Int J Climatol. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7398
Jiang X, Li T, Wang B (2004) Structures and mechanisms of the northward propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J Climate 17(5):1022–1039. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3c1022:SAMOTN%3e2.0.CO;2
Kikuchi K, Wang B (2009) Global perspective of the quasi-biweekly oscillation. J Climate 22(6):1340–1359. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2368.1
Kim JH, Ho CH, Kim HS, Sui CH, Park SK (2008) Systematic variation of summertime tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific in relation to the Madden–Julian oscillation. J Climate 21:1171–1191. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1493.1
Ko KC, Hsu HH (2009) ISO modulation on the sub monthly wave pattern and the recurving tropical cyclones in the tropical western North Pacific. J Climate 22:582–599. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2282.1
Lau KH, Lau NC (1990) Observed structure and propagation characteristics of tropical summertime synoptic-scale disturbances. Mon. Weather Rev. 118:1888–1913. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118%3c1888:OSAPCO%3e2.0.CO;2
Lau KH, Lau NC (1992) The energetics and propagation dynamics of tropical summertime synoptic-scale disturbances. Mon Wea Rev 120:2523–2539. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120,2523:TEAPDO.2.0.CO;2
Lee JY, Wang B, Wheeler X et al (2013) Real-time multivariate indices for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation over the Asian summer monsoon region. Clim Dyn 40:493–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1544-4
Li RCY, Zhou W (2012) Changes in western Pacific tropical cyclones associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle. J Climate 25(17):5864–5878. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00430.1
Li RCY, Zhou W (2013) Modulation of western North Pacific tropical cyclone activity by the ISO. Part I: genesis and intensity. J Climate 26:2904–2918. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00210.1
Li RCY, Zhou W, Chan JL (2012) Asymmetric modulation of western North Pacific cyclogenesis by the Madden–Julian Oscillation under ENSO conditions. J Climate 25(15):5374–5385. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00337.1
Liebmann B, Hendon HH, Glick JD (1994) The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 72(3):401–412
Madden RA, Julian PR (1971) Detection of a 40–50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J Atmos Sci 28(5):702–708
Mak M, Cai M (1989) Local barotropic instability. J Atmos Sci 46:3289–3311
Maloney ED, Dickinson MJ (2003) The intraseasonal oscillation and the energetics of summertime tropical western North Pacific synoptic-scale disturbances. J Atmos Sci 60:2153–2168
Maloney ED, Hartmann DL (2001) The Madden–Julian oscillation, barotropic dynamics, and North Pacific tropical cyclone formation. Part i: Observations J Atmos Sci 58:2545–2558. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058,2545:TMJOBD.2.0.CO;2
Mao JY, Wu GX (2010) Intraseasonal modulation of tropical cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific: a case study. Theoret Appl Climatol 100(3–4):397–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0195-9
Moon JY, Wang B, Ha KJ, Lee JY (2013) Teleconnections associated with Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. Clim Dyn 40:2761–2774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1394-0
Murakami M (1984) Analysis of deep convective activity over the western Pacific and southeast Asia. Part II: seasonal and intraseasonal variations during northern summer. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 62(1):88–108. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.62.1_88
North GR, Bell TL, Cahalan RF, Moeng FJ (1982) Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal function. Mon Wea Rev 110(7):699–706. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110%3c0699:SEITEO%3e2.0.CO;2
Shi YP, Du Y, Chen ZS, Wang CZ (2019) Impact of the quasi-biweekly oscillation on the super typhoon tracks in winter over the western North Pacific. Clim Dyn 53(1–2):793–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04614-6
Tong HW, Chan JCL, Zhou W (2009) The role of MJO and mid-latitude fronts in the South China Sea summer monsoon onset. Clim Dyn 33:827–841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0490-7
Tsou CH, Hsu HH, Hsu PC (2014) The role of multiscale interaction in synoptic-scale eddy kinetic energy over the western North Pacific in Autumn. J Climate 27(10):3750–3766. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00380.1
Tsou CH, Hsu PC, Kau WS, Hsu HH (2005) Northward and northwestward propagation of 30–60 day oscillation in the tropical and extratropical western North Pacific. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 83(5):711–726. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.83.711
Waliser DE (2006) Predictability of tropical intraseasonal variability. In: Palmer T, Hagedorn R (eds) Predictability of weather and climate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 275–305. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511617652.012
Wang L, Pan XM (2012) Diagnosis of seasonal variations of tropical cyclogenesis over the South China Sea using a genesis potential index. J Ocean Univ China 11(3):267–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-012-1921-y
Webster PJ, Maga a VO, Palmer, et al (1998) Monsoon: processes, predictability and the prospects for prediction. J Geophys Res 103:14451–14510. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC02719
Wheeler MC, Hendon HH (2004) An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction. Mon Wea Review 132(8):1917–1932. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132%3c1917:AARMMI%3e2.0.CO;2
Wu LG, Duan JJ (2015) Extended simulation of tropical cyclone formation in the western North Pacific monsoon trough. J Atmos Sci 72(12):4469–4485. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0375.1
Yasunari T (1980) A quasi-stationary appearance of 30 to 40 day period in the cloudiness fluctuation during the summer monsoon over India. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 58(3):225–229. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.58.3_225
Ying M, Zhang W, Yu H et al (2014) An overview of the China meteorological administration tropical cyclone database. J Atmos Oceanic Tech 31(2):287–301. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00119.1
Yun KS, Ha KJ, Ren B, Chan JCL, Jhun JG (2009) The 30–60 day oscillation in the East Asian summer monsoon and its time-dependent association with the ENSO. Tellus 61(5):565–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00410.x
Zhang Q, Wu LG, Liu QF (2009) Tropical cyclone damages in China 1983–2006. Bull Am Meteor Soc 90:489–495. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2631.1
Zhao HK, Jiang XN, Wu LG (2015) Modulation of Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone genesis by the intraseasonal variability. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 93(1):81–97. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-006
Zhao HK, Wang CZ, Yoshida R (2016) Modulation of tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific by the quasi-biweekly oscillation. Adv Atmos Sci 33(12):1361–1375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-5267-z
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Youth Fund of Hainan Natural Science Foundation (421QN371) ; Technology Upgrading Project of Hainan province (HNQXJS202005); Open Fund of Key laboratory of Southern China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan Province (SCSF201907); Hainan Natural Science Foundation (420MS119).
Funding
Youth Fund of Hainan Natural Science Foundation, 421QN371, **aowen Wei, Technology Upgrading Project of Hainan province, HNQXJS202005, **aowen Wei, Open Fund of Key laboratory of Southern China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan Province, SCSF201907, Liang Chen, Hainan Natural Science Foundation, 420MS119, Liang Chen.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Silvia Trini Castelli.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wei, X., Chen, L., Chen, M. et al. Modulation of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation on tropical cyclone genesis over the South China Sea. Meteorol Atmos Phys 134, 62 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-022-00901-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-022-00901-w