Abstract
In Menispermaceae, stamens can occur as free stamens or synandrous stamens, but few studies have investigated the development of these different types. Androecium development in Sinomenium acutum, Stephania japonica and Cyclea racemosa was observed in detail by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The results showed the following: (1) The development and morphology of stamens differed among the three genera, and the stamen primordia exhibited different patterns. A total of 9 free-stamen primordia developed independently in the staminate flowers of S. acutum, and 6 occurred in the pistillate flowers. At anthesis, all 9 stamens in the staminate flowers of S. acutum were fertile, and 6 staminodes were detected in the pistillate flowers. In the staminate flowers of S. japonica and C. racemosa, a congenitally united stamen primordium developed from the central remaining meristematic zone through enlargement of the early floral primordia and became a synandrous structure consisting of 2 (C. racemosa) or 3–4 (S. japonica) stamens. (2) All three genera exhibited a basic-type anther wall composed of 5–6 layers of cells, including 2 layers of irregular tapetum cells. A glandular tapetum was present in S. acutum and C. racemosa, whereas an amoeboid tapetum was observed in S. japonica. (3) Meiosis of the microspore mother cells occurred with simultaneous cytokinesis, and the tetrads were tetrahedral and occasionally symmetrical. At anthesis, the pollen of all three genera was 2-celled, the pollen of S. japonica was triporate, and the other species had tricolpate pollen. (4) In family Menispermaceae, free stamens was the ancestral form, and synandrous stamens may have multiple evolutionary origins because this family does not form a single clade. Among angiosperms, four families (Menispermaceae, Balanophoraceae, Apodanthaceae and Rafflesiaceae) exhibit congenitally fused stamens.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Professor Louis Ronse De Craene and two anonymous reviewers for providing valuable comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31770203, 31100141, 31770200) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.GK201603067 and 2452017155).
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ZXH and RY conceived and designed research. YXL, WQJ, ZL and ZYQ collected plant materials. ZXY, HZX and ZQQ conducted experiments. NK analyzed ancestral state reconstruction. ZHY analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Online Resource 1. The sequence number of the 56 species that is used for ancestral status reconstruct.
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Zhang, HY., Zhang, XY., Ning, K. et al. Stamen and pollen development in Menispermaceae with contrasting androecium structure. Plant Syst Evol 308, 36 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-022-01828-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-022-01828-w