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Biomass derived nitrogen functionalized carbon nanodots for nanomolar determination of levofloxacin in pharmaceutical and water samples

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Abstract

Binder-free and efficient electrochemical sensing of levofloxacin (LF) was successfully developed based on the nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (NCNDs). The NCNDs were synthesized by hydrothermal carbonation (180°C for 12 h), and the heteroatom was embedded in aqueous solution of ammonia (NH3). Spectral and microscopic characteristization techniques were used to analyze the topological, crystallinity, and chemical binding behavior of synthesized biomass functional material. HR-TEM image revealed a uniform spherical dot (2.96 nm), and superior quantum yield efficiency (0.42 Φ). The NCNDs was drop coated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and electrochemical sensing of LF was performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and amperometric i-t curve in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH = 7.0). The NCNDs modified electrode showed a sharp oxidation peak at +0.95 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) with a four-fold higher current response than the bare GC electrode. The NCNDs/GCE surface not only increases the current response, but has lower detection potential, and facilitates electron transfer reaction. Under optimized working parameters, the NCNDs/GCE showed wide linear concentrations range from 200 nM to 2.8 mM and a low detection limit (LOD) of 48.26 nM (S/N = 3). The electrode modified with NCNDs has high electrochemical sensing stability (RSD = 1.284 ± 0.05% over 5 days), and superior reproducibility (RSD = 1.682 ± 0.06% (n = 3)). Finally, the NCNDs modified GC electrode was successfully applied to quantify the concentration of LF in drug and river water samples with acceptable recovery percentages of 96.60–99.20% and 97.20–99.00% (n=3), respectively.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R441), King SaudUniversity, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The electrochemical part and related work were supported by MingChi University of Technology, Taiwan.

Funding

This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R441), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641 202, Tamil Nadu, India

    Velusamy Arul

  2. Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea

    Velusamy Arul

  3. Department of Chemistry, SSM College of Arts and Science, Dindigul, 624002, Tamil Nadu, India

    Natarajan Sampathkumar

  4. International PhD Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan

    Sindhuja Kotteeswaran & Mani Govindasamy

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, -106, Taiwan, ROC

    Ponnusamy Arul

  6. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed Muteb Aljuwayid & Mohamed A. Habila

  7. Research Center for Intelligence Medical Devices, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan

    Mani Govindasamy

  8. Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, 602105, Chennai, India

    Mani Govindasamy

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Arul, V., Sampathkumar, N., Kotteeswaran, S. et al. Biomass derived nitrogen functionalized carbon nanodots for nanomolar determination of levofloxacin in pharmaceutical and water samples. Microchim Acta 190, 242 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-023-05804-0

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